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1、.....经济学人:信息不对称之柠檬市场理论与效应(上)Economics brief: six big ideas.经济概要：六大经济思想。Information asymmetry: Secrets and agents信息不对称：秘密和代理George Akerlof's 1970 paper,“The Market forLemons”, is a foundation stone of informationeconomics, the first in our series on seminaleconomic ideas.六大经济思想之一，乔治·阿
2、克洛夫1970年的论文——《柠檬市场》，它是信息经济学的一块基石。In 2007 the state of Washington introduced a new rule aimed at making the labour marketfairer: firms were banned from checking job applicants' credit scores.2007年，华盛顿州引入了一项旨在让劳动力市场更公平的新法律：企业被禁止核查求职者的信用得分。Campaigners celebrated the new law as a step to
3、wards equality—an applicant with a lowcredit score is much more likely to be poor, black or young.发起这项运动的人欢呼庆祝，认为这是通向平等的一步——信用得分低的求职者极有可能是穷人、黑人或者年轻人。Since then, ten other states have followed suit.自那以后，又有十个州如法炮制。But when Robert Clifford and Daniel Shoag, two economists, recently stud
4、ied the bans, theyfound that the laws left blacks and the young with fewer jobs, not more.但是，日前，当两位经济学家——罗伯特·克利福德和丹尼尔·绍格——研究了这些禁令时，他们发现，这些法律带给黑人和年轻人的工作更少了，而不是更多。Before 1970, economists would not have found much in their discipline to help them mull thispuzzle.放在1970年之前，经济学家是不会在这门学科中找
5、到太多的东西来帮助他们仔细思考这个迷的。Indeed, they did not think very hard about the role of information at all.实际上，他们当时根本就没有很努力地去思考信息的作用。In the labour market, for example, the textbooks mostly assumed that employers know theproductivity of their workers—or potential workers—and, thanks to competition
6、, pay themfor exactly the value of what they produce.学习参考.....例如，那时的教科书大都假设，在劳动力市场中，雇主知道他们的工人——或者潜在的工人——的生产率，而且，由于竞争，是按照工人所生产的东西的价值给他们开工资的。You might think that research upending that conclusion would immediately be celebrated asan important breakthrough.人们可能认为，颠覆这一论断的研究立即会被誉为一项重大突破。Y
7、et when, in the late 1960s, George Akerlof wrote “The Market for Lemons”, which did just that,and later won its author a Nobel prize, the paper was rejected by three leading journals.然而，当乔治·阿克洛夫于上世纪60年代末期写出恰恰实现了这种突破并为作者赢得了诺贝尔奖的《柠檬市场》时，这篇论文曾遭到三家主要期刊拒绝。At the time, Mr Akerlof was an as
8、sistant prof
