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1、外文原文ResidualStressesAresidualstressisonethatexistswithoutexternalloadingorinternaltemperaturedifferencesonastructureormachine.Itisusuallyaresultofmanufactuningorassemblingoperations・Sometimesitiscalledinitialstress,andtheoperations,prestressing.Whenthestructureormachineisputint
2、oservice,theserviceloadssuperimposestresses・Iftheresidualstressesaddtotheservice-loadstresses,theyaredetrimental:iftheysubtractfromtheservice-loadstressestheyarebeneficia1.Intheplasticdeformationtheexternalforcedoesthemeritturnsintooutsidetheheatexceptthemajorityofextensions,bu
3、talsosomesmallpartbythedistortioncantheformstoresupinthedeformationmateria1.Thispartofenergynamedstorageenergy.Thestoragecantheconcretemanifeststionwayis:Macroscopicresidualstress,microscopicresidualstressandlatticedistortion.Accordingtotheresidualstressbalancescopedifference,u
4、suallymaydivideintoitthreekinds:(1)Firstkindofinternalstress,alsocalledthemacroscopicresidualstress,itiscausesbytheworkpiecedifferentpartmacroscopicdistortionnonuniformity,thereforeitsstressbalancescopeincludingentireworkpiece・Forexample,serveswithJinShubangthecurvingload,thena
5、boveispulledelongates,underreceivesthecompression;Thedistortionsurpasseswhenthelimitofelasticityhashadtheplasticdeformation,afterthentheexternalforceeliminationbyelongatedonesideontheexisteneecompressedstress,thelegofrighttriangleisthetensilestress・Thiskindofresidualstresscorre
6、spondsthedistortioncannotbebig,onlyaccountsforalwaysstoresupcanabout0.1%.(1)Secondkindofinternalstress,alsocalledthemicroscopicresidualstress,itisproducesbybetweenthecrystalgrainorthesubgraindistortionnonuniformity・Itssphereofactionandthecrystalgrainsizequite,namelymaintaintheb
7、alancebetweenthecrystalgrainorthesubgrain.Sometimesthiskindofinternalstressmayachievetheverygreatvalue,evenpossiblycreatesthemicrocrackandcausestheworkpiecedestruction.(2)Thirdkindofinternalstress,alsocallsthelatticedistortion.Itssphereofactionisseveraldozenstoseveralhundrednan
8、ometers,itisbecausetheworkpieceformsintheplasticdeform
