英语作业文本

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1、Lungcancer-smallcellAlternativenamesCancer-lung-smallcell:SmallcelllungcancerDefinitionLungcancerisamalignanttumorofthelungs・Therearemanytypesoflungcancer,butmostcanbecategorizedintotwobasictypes,"smallcell"and^non-smallcel1."Smallcelllungcancerisgenerallyfastergr

2、owingthannon-smallcell,butmorelikelytorespondtochemotherapy.Smallcellcancerisdividedinto"limitedstage"(generallycancerconfinedtothechest)and"extensivestage"(cancerthathasspreadoutsidethechest)・Thetraditionalstagingsystem,whichdividescancerintostagesIthroughIV,isno

3、tgenerallyapplicabletosmallcelllungcancer.Causes,incidence,andriskfactorsMostlungcancersarecausedbycigarettesmoking・Themorecigarettesyousmokeperdayandtheearlieryoustartedsmoking,thegreatertheriskoflungcancer.Second-handsmokeincreasestherisk・Governmentsurveysshowth

4、atasmanyas3,000peopleeachyeardeveloplungcancerfromsecond-handsmoke・Highlevelsofpollution,radiation,andasbestosexposuremayalsoincreaserisk・Lungcancerbeginsincellsthatlinetheairwaysandofteninvadeadjacenttissuesorspreadelsewhereinthebodybeforesymptomsarenoticed・About

5、20%ofalllungcancercasesaresmallcelllungcancer,meaningabout30,000patientseachyeararediagnosedwiththisdisease・Symptoms•Cough•Bloodysputum•Shortnessofbreath•Wheezing•Chestpain•Lossofappetite•WeightlossAdditionalsymptomsthatmaybeassociatedwiththisdisease:•Weakness•Swa

6、llowingdifficulty•Nailabnormalities•Hoarsenessorchangingvoice•Fever•FacialswellingSignsandtestsThedoctorcansometimesdetectfluidthathascollectedaroundthelungsfromacancerbylisteningtoyourchestwithastethoscope・Teststhatmaybeperformedinclude:•ChestX-ray•CATscanofthech

7、est•PositronEmissionTomography(PET)scan•Bronchoscopywithwashingsandbiopsyforcytology•Catscanguidedneedlebiopsy•OpenlungbiopsyThisdiseasemayalsoaltertheresultsofthefollowingtests:•PTH•LDH•Serumsodium•CEATreatmentthecancer.ThetreatmentdependsuponthestageofForsmallce

8、llcancer,chemotherapyandradiationareusuallyusedinlimitedstagedisease(whenthediseaseisconfinedtothechest)・Studieshaveshownthatgivingchemotherapyandradiat