APS专业审核考试公共经济学

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1、1.研究对象：publicsector:governmentandpubliccorporation两者区别：活动，费用,收入：Tax,Usechange,debt2.国民经济:govenimentfamily消费consumePubliccorporatioPrivatecorporation生产productionPublicsectorPrivatesector公共经济学视角3.经济活动PrivateprovisionPostPublicprovision4.政策目标nationaldefensePublicproductionfinancialpr

2、ovision(Tent)privateproductionEfficiency：1)Paretoimprovement2)Edgeworthbox;Productionefficiency3)Exchangeefficiency4)ProductmixefficiencyFairness:Equity,equality1)rulefair,fairstartingpoint,outcomefairness2)Povertyindex:Ginicoefficient3)Potentialparetoimprovement4)Socialwelfarefun

3、ctionSocialwelfarelevel=F(Autility,Butility)Utilitarianism:K=-la/b=lRolls:k=a/b=0maximizetheminimumEqualitarianism5)Veilofignorance:5.公共部门存在原因：Resorceallocationfunction;IncomedistributionfunctionMarketfailure1)Donotconfonntotheassumptionsofperfectcompetitivemarket•Competitionfailu

4、re:monopoly,oligopoly•Publicgoods•Externality•Informationfailure•Transactioncost2)Thefailureofperfectcompetitivemarket•Preferenceisnotreasonable•Unequaldistributionofincome5.政府与消费公共产品：1)公共产品性质nonexclusion;noncompetitionExcludab1eNon-excludab1eRivalrousPrivategoodsfood,clothing,car

5、s,personalelectronicsCommongoods(Commonpoolresources)fishstocks,timber,coalClubgoodsPublicgoodsNon-rivalrouscinemas,privateparks,free-to-airtelevision,satellitetelevisionair,nationaldefenseRivalyesNoExcludableyesPrivategoodsFirework,cabletelevisionNoCommonresource鱼Publicgoods国防帕累

6、托最优：isastateofallocationofresourcesinwhichitisimpossibletomakeanyoneindividualbetteroffwithoutmakingatleastoneindividualworseoff.Givenaninitialallocationofgoodsamongasetofindividuals,,achangetoadifferentallocationthatmakesatleastoneindividualbetteroffwithoutmakinganyotherindividua

7、lworseoffiscalledaParetoimprovement.AnallocationisdefinedasnParetoefficient"orHParetooptimawhennofurtherParetoimprovementscanbemade・潜在帕累托最优：福利经济学两条基本定理:基尼系数：TheGinicoefficient(alsoknownastheGiniindexorGiniratio)(/gini/)isameasureofstatisticaldispersionintendedtorepresenttheincomed

8、istributionofanation'sresidents・T