APS 专业审核考试 公共经济学

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1、51.研究对象：publicsector:governmentandpubliccorporation两者区别：活动，费用，收入：Tax,Usechange,debt2.国民经济：governmentfamily消费consumePubliccorporatioPrivatecorporation生产productionPublicsectorPrivatesector公共经济学视角3.经济活动PrivateprovisionPostPublicprovisionnationaldefensefinancialprovision（Tent）Publicproductionprivateprod

2、uction4.政策目标Efficiency：1)Paretoimprovement2)Edgeworthbox;Productionefficiency3)Exchangeefficiency4)ProductmixefficiencyFairness：Equity,equality1)rulefair,fairstartingpoint,outcomefairness2)Povertyindex:Ginicoefficient3)Potentialparetoimprovement4)SocialwelfarefunctionSocialwelfarelevel=F(Autility,Bu

3、tility)Utilitarianism:K=-1a/b=1Rolls:k=a/b=0maximizetheminimumEqualitarianism5)Veilofignorance:5.公共部门存在原因：Resorceallocationfunction;IncomedistributionfunctionMarketfailure51)DonotconformtotheassumptionsofperfectcompetitivemarketlCompetitionfailure:monopoly,oligopolylPublicgoodslExternalitylInformati

4、onfailurelTransactioncost2)ThefailureofperfectcompetitivemarketlPreferenceisnotreasonablelUnequaldistributionofincome1.政府与消费公共产品：1)公共产品性质nonexclusion;non-competitionRivalyesNoExcludableyesPrivategoodsFirework,cabletelevisionNoCommonresource鱼Publicgoods国防帕累托最优：isastateofallocationof resources inwhich

5、itisimpossibletomakeanyoneindividualbetteroffwithoutmakingatleastoneindividualworseoff.Givenaninitialallocationofgoodsamongasetofindividuals,achangetoadifferentallocationthatmakesatleastoneindividualbetteroffwithoutmakinganyotherindividualworseoffiscalledaParetoimprovement.Anallocationisdefinedas"Pa

6、retoefficient"or"Paretooptimal"whennofurtherParetoimprovementscanbemade.潜在帕累托最优：5福利经济学两条基本定理：基尼系数：The Ginicoefficient (alsoknownasthe Giniindex or Giniratio)(/dʒini/)isa measureofstatisticaldispersion intendedtorepresenttheincomedistributionofanation'sresidents.Thisisthemostcommonlyusedmeasureofineq

7、uality.Thecoefficientvariesbetween0,whichreflectscompleteequalityand100(or1),whichindicatescompleteinequality(onepersonhasalltheincomeorconsumption,allothershavenone). TheGinicoefficientmeasurestheine