戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记2

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1、Chapter1Whatislanguage?『AlTheoriginsoflanquageSomespeculationsoftheoriginsoflanguage:①ThedivinesourceThebasichypothesis:ifinfantswereallowedtogrowupwithouthearinganylanguage,thentheywouldspontaneouslybeginusingtheoriginalgod-givenlanguage・Actually,childrenlivingwith

2、outaccesstohumanspeechintheirearlyyearsgrowupwithnolanguageatall.②Thenatural-soundsourceThebow-wowtheory:thesuggestionisthatprimitivewordscouldhavebeenimitationsofthenaturalsoundswhichearlymenandwomenheardaroundthem.The"Yo-heave-hoMtheory:thesoundsproducedbyhumanswh

3、enexertingphysicaleffort,especiallywhenco-operatingwithotherhumans,maybetheoriginsofspeechsounds・Onomatopoeicsounds③Theoral-gesturesourceItisclaimedthatoriginallyasetofphysicalgestureswasdevelopedasameansofcommunication.Thepatternsofmovementinarticulationwouldbethes

4、ameasgesturalmovement;hencewavingtonguewoulddevelopfromwavinghand.④Glossogenetics(言语遗传学)Thisfocusesmainlyonthebiologicalbasisoftheformationanddevelopmentofhumanlanguage・Physiologicaladaptation->developnamingability->interactionsandtransactionsPhysicaladaptation:Huma

5、nteetharcuprightandroughlyeveninheight.Humanlipshaveintricatemuscleinterlacing,thusmakingthemveryflexible.Thehumanmouthissmallandcontainsaveryflexibletongue.Thehumanlarynxislowered,creatingalongercavitycalledthepharynx,andmakingiteasierforthehumantochokeonthepieceso

6、ffood,butmakingthesoundspeechpossible・Thehumanbrainislateralized・Thoseanalyticfunctions(tool-usingandlanguage)arelargelyconfinedtothelefthemisphereofthebrainformosthumans.Twomajorfunctionsoflanguage:Interactional:asocialfunctionoflanguage.Transactional:afunctioninvo

7、lvingthecommunicationofknowledgeandinformation「BlTheDroDertiesoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication・a)System:combinedtogetheraccordingtorulesb)Arbitrary:nointrinsicconnectionbetweentheword"perTandthethingintheworldwhichitreferst

8、oc)Vocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguagesd)Human:languageishuman-specific(交际性与信息性)Communicativevs.Informative:Communicative:intentio