戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记

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1、戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记.docChapter1  Whatislanguage?[A]TheoriginsoflanguageSomespeculationsoftheoriginsoflanguage:①ThedivinesourceThebasichypothesis:ifinfantswereallowedtogrowupwithouthearinganylanguage,thentheywouldspontaneouslybeginusingtheoriginalgod-givenlanguage.Actually,childrenlivingwithoutaccess

2、tohumanspeechintheirearlyyearsgrowupwithnolanguageatall.②Thenatural-soundsourceThebow-wowtheory:thesuggestionisthatprimitivewordscouldhavebeenimitationsofthenaturalsoundswhichearlymenandwomenheardaroundthem.The“Yo-heave-ho”theory:thesoundsproducedbyhumanswhenexertingphysicaleffort,especiallywhenc

3、o-operatingwithotherhumans,maybetheoriginsofspeechsounds.Onomatopoeicsounds③Theoral-gesturesourceItisclaimedthatoriginallyasetofphysicalgestureswasdevelopedasameansofcommunication.Thepatternsofmovementinarticulationwouldbethesameasgesturalmovement;hencewavingtonguewoulddevelopfromwavinghand.④Glos

4、sogenetics（言语遗传学）Thisfocusesmainlyonthebiologicalbasisoftheformationanddevelopmentofhumanlanguage.PhysiologicaladaptationàdevelopnamingabilityàinteractionsandtransactionsPhysicaladaptation:Humanteethareuprightandroughlyeveninheight.Humanlipshaveintricatemuscleinterlacing,thusmakingthemveryflexibl

5、e.Thehumanmouthissmallandcontainsaveryflexibletongue.Thehumanlarynxislowered,creatingalongercavitycalledthepharynx,andmakingiteasierforthehumantochokeonthepiecesoffood,butmakingthesoundspeechpossible.Thehumanbrainislateralized.Thoseanalyticfunctions(tool-usingandlanguage)arelargelyconfinedtothele

6、fthemisphereofthebrainformosthumans.Twomajorfunctionsoflanguage:Interactional:asocialfunctionoflanguage.Transactional:afunctioninvolvingthecommunicationofknowledgeandinformation[B]ThepropertiesoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.a)System:combinedtogetheracc

7、ordingtorulesb)Arbitrary:nointrinsicconnectionbetweentheword“pen”andthethingintheworldwhichitreferstoc)Vocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguagesd)Human:languageishuman-specific（交际性与信息性）Communicativevs.Informative:Co