语言学常识

《语言学常识》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

1、PartOne:Definitions1.Language:Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itis(1)humanspeech;(2)theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans;(3)asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings;(4)thewrittenrepresentationofsuc

2、hasystem.2.Langue:thelanguagesystemsharedbyaspeechcommunity.Parole:theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.3.Languagecompetence:unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.Languageperformance:thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.4.Creativity:Languageisresourcefulbecau

3、seofitsdualityandrecursiveness.5.Phonology:thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.6.Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced.7.Phoneme:aunitexplicits

4、oundcontrast.Iftwosoundsinalanguagemakeacontrastbetweentwodifferentwords,theyaresaidtobedifferentphonemes.8.IPA:InternationalPhoneticAlphabetisasetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart.9.Morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcann

5、otbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.LexicalFreeFunctionalMorphemeDerivationalBoundInflectional10.Inflection:isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,fi

6、niteness,aspectandcasestowhichtheyareattached.11.Derivation:isthemostcommonword-formationprocesstobefoundintheproductionofnewEnglishwords.ItisaccomplishedbymeansofalargenumberofaffixesofEnglishlanguage,andshowstherelationshipbetweenrootsandaffixes.12.Syntax:thestudyoftherulesgoverningtheway

7、sdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.13.Constituent:Constituentisatermusedinstructuralsentenceanalysisforeverylinguisticunit,whichisapartofalargerlinguisticunit.1