欧洲文化入门复习提纲(含答案)

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1、QuestionsforRevision:1.WhatarethemajorelementsinWesternculture?Therearetwomainelements——theGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement2.WhatdidHomerdo?WhyisheimportantinthehistoryofWesternliterature?⑴HedescribedthegreatGreekmenwholivedintheperiod1200-1100B.C.andwarshappeningatthatti

2、me.⑵Asanauthorofepics（史诗）,heemployedfineliterarylanguagetodescribewarsandmen,eventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinfluenceonhisfollowers.3.WouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedinancientGreece?Whowerethemajorphilosophers?⑴No,Iwouldn’t.Becausetho

3、sephilosophicalideaswereonlyidealism(理想主义)orsimplematerialism（唯物主义）ormetaphysics（形而上学）.⑵Socrates(苏格拉底),Plato（柏拉图）andAristotle（亚里斯多德）.4.DidSocrateswriteanybook?Howthendoweknowabouthim?Whatdistinguishedhisphilosophy?⑴No,hedidn’t.⑵weknowSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhiminthefam

4、ousDialogueswrittenbyPlato.⑶Heconsideredthatphilosophyrestedwith（取决于）thedissect（仔细分析）ofoneselfandvirtuewashighworthoflife.Hismethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers,hascometobeknownasthedialecticalmethod.5.TellsomeofPlato’sideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?⑴Manhaveknowledgebecauseofthe

5、existenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”,likebeauty,truth,goodness./Weshouldnotlookatthethingswhicharenotseen:forthethingswhicharenotseeneternal(永恒的).(2)Becauseheemphasizedtheimportanceof“ideas”andbelievedthat“thought”hadcreatedtheworld,sopeoplecallhimanidealist.6.InwhatimportantwayswasAristot

6、ledifferentfromPlato?WhataresomeofAristotle’sworksthatarestillinfluentialtoday?⑴Foronething,Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethingking.Also,hethought“form”(=idea)andmattertogethermadeupconcre

7、teindividualrealities.Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld.⑵Ethics(anintroductiontomoralphilosophy),Politics,Poetics(atreatiseonliterarytheory)andRhetoric(dealingwiththeartofpersuadinganaudience)1.Givesomeexamplestoshowtheenormousinfluence