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1、Awalkthroughanyofthecityslumsinthedevelopingworldisadepressingexperience.Suchslumsusuallystartjustoutsideofthecitylimits.(1)____________Astheyarecrowdedmostlybythoseattractedtothecapabilityof(2)___________Findingworkandbetterlivingconditionsinthecity,theygrowatanamazingspeed.Aslum,t
2、herefore,veryquicklydevelopsinto(3)_____________communallife,butitalsodevelopsproblems.Slumdwellersusuallyliveinhuts,whicharebuiltforanythingthat’savailable:planksofwood,(4)___________sacking,evenpiecesofmetalsuchasthehubcapsofcars.Thefloorissimplyhardmud,incrampedconditions,attract
3、sallkindsof(5)__________disease-carriedinsects.Therearenotoilets,andthewatersupply,(6)____________withabitofluck,maybeonesingletapalongwalkaway.Withextremecasesitmaysimplybeawaterholeusedbyanimalsand(7)____________humansboth..Therearenohealthservicesandnoschools.There’s(8)__________
4、_noeffectualpublictransportationservice,andthelongjourneytime(9)____________involvedpreventstheslumpopulationfrombenefitingany(10)____________improvementschemesarrangedbyanyschoolauthority.Asamatteroffact,whenallalanguagetakesfromanotheroneismerewords,itisusuallybecauseonlyasmallnum
5、berofspeakersofthefirstlanguagearebilingualinthesecond—usuallytherulingclassesandtheeducator.Insuchcases,mostspeakersarenotusing(1)________________thesecondlanguagealongsidethefirstoneatadailybasis---instead(2)_______________theinfluenceonthesecondlanguage“tricklesdown”fromtheelite(
6、3)________________classtothemasses.Incaseslikethis,whichtricklesdownmosteasily(4)_______________areisolatedwords,ratherthanthethingsthatartehardertopickupfromaforeignlanguage,suchaswordorderandendings,whichrequiretheactualuseofthesecondlanguagetogetthehangof.Thiswasthesituation,fore
7、xample,inEnglandwhenitwasoccupiedbytheNormanFrench:TheNormansweretherulerswhenthemassescontinued(5)_________________HappilyusingEnglish.Itisthisreasonthatsomanyofthewords(6)__________________WeinheritedfromFrenchhavetodowithconceptionofgovernment(7)_________________[reign],fashion[a
8、ttire],art[pen],cui