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1、Hofstede'stheoryofculturaldimensionsThetheoryofculturaldimensionsputforwardbyHofstedeisthemostinfluentialinterculturaltheoryintheworld.HereareHofstede'sdimensionsofculturevalues,includingIndividualismversusCollectivism,UncertaintyAvoidance,PowerDistance,MasculinityversusFemininity,Long-termo
2、rientationversusShort-termorientation,IndulgenceversusRestraint.First,IndividualismandCollectivism,howtojudgethem?Inindividualisticcultures,peoplevaluesofindividualachievement,freedom,andcompetitionarestressed.Peoplegiveprioritytothetaskandaresupposedtolookaftertheirownself-interests.Whilein
3、collectivisticcultures,peoplevaluesofgroupharmony,cohesiveness,andconsensusareveryimportant.Andpriorityisgiventorelationshipwithpeopleandgroupinterest.Forexample,Americanadvocatesindividualism.Whentheyspeak,theyemphasismoreon"I".WhileChineseadvocatescollectivism,theyemphasismoreon"we".Second
4、,talkabouttheUncertaintyAvoidance.Uncertaintyavoidanceisthetendencytobehavesoastoarrangethingsinawaythatminimizesunforeseenconsequences.Instronguncertaintyavoidancecultures,peopletendtoberigidandintolerant.Inweakuncertaintyavoidancecultures,peoplearemoreeasygoing.InJapan,peopleemphasisformal
5、communication,planning,regulations,ritualsandceremonies.Theystrongneedforrules.InSingapore,valuediversityandareabletotoleratedifferencesinbeliefandbehavior.Third,itisaboutpowerdistance.Thedegreetowhichacountryacceptsthefactthedifferencesinitscitizens’physicalandintellectualcapabilitiesgiveri
6、setoinequalitiesintheirwell-being.InHighpowerdistancecultures,allowinequalitiestopersistorincreaseandorganizationstendtobehierarchicalandinequalityisaccepted.Malaysiaisaverytypicalhighpowerdistancecountry.Inlowpowerdistancecultures,peopledislikethedevelopmentoflargeinequalitiesinrightsandopp
7、ortunityintheworkplace.What’smore,governmentusetaxationorsocialwelfareprogramstoreduceinequalities.AnditisverytypicalinAustria.Fourth,MasculinityversusFemininity.AccordingtoHofstede,masculinityisawaytocharacterizeculturesthatvalueassertiveness,comp
