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1、Unit7TheGloriousMessinessOfEnglishⅡ.HistoryofEnglishⅰ.TherootofEnglishEnglishbeganasawestGermaniclanguagewhichwasbroughttoEnglandbytheSaxonsaround400A.D.OldEnglishwasthespokenandwrittenlanguageofEnglandbetween400and1100A.D.ManywordsusedtodaycomefromOldEnglish,includingman,w
2、oman,king,mother,etc.ButOldEnglishwasverydifferentfrommodernEnglishandonlyafewwordscanbeeasilyrecognized.Inthe9thand10thcenturies,whenVikingsinvadedEngland,OldNorsewords,e.g.sky,takeandgetandmanyplacenames,enteredthelanguage.FromtheNormanConquest(1066)untilthelate12thcentur
3、yEnglishwasreplacedastheofficiallanguagebyNormanFrench,thoughEnglishwasstillusedbythelowerclasses.Englishfromabout1300to1500isknownasMiddleEnglish.ItwasinfluencedbyFrenchandalsoLatininvocabularyandpronunciation.Frenchbroughtmanywordsconnectedwithgovernment,e.g.sovereign,roy
4、al,court,legalandgovernmentitself.LatinwasthelanguageofreligionandlearningandgavetoEnglishwordssuchasminister,angel,master,schoolandgrammar.LiteraturebeganagaintobewritteninEnglishduringthisperiod.OneofthemostfamousMiddleEnglishworksisChaucer’sTheCanterburyTales.ⅱ.Thedevelo
5、pmentofModernEnglishModernEnglishdevelopedfromtheMiddleEnglishdialectoftheEastMidlandsandwasinfluencedbytheEnglishusedinLondon,whereaprintingpresswassetupbyWilliamCaxtonin1476.Englishchangedagreatdealfromthistimeuntiltheendofthe18thcentury.DuringtheRenaissance,manywordswere
6、introducedfromGreekandLatintoexpressnewideas,especiallyinscience,medicineandphilosophy.Theyincludedphysics,species,architecture,encyclopediaandhypothesis.Inthe16thcenturyseveralversionsoftheBiblehelpedbringwrittenEnglishtoordinarypeople.TheElizabethanperiodisalsofamousforit
7、sdrama,andShakespeare’splayswereseenbymanypeople.Thedevelopmentofprintinghelpedestablishstandardsofspellingandgrammar,butthereremainedalotofvariation.SamuelJohnson’sADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755)wasthefirstauthoritativetreatmentofEnglish.Itdefinedabout40,000wordsandg
8、aveexamplesoftheiruse.Bythe18thcenturyAmericanEnglishwasestablishedanddevelopingin
