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1、Unit7TheGloriousMessinessOfEnglishII・HistoryofEnglishi•TherootofEnglishEnglishbeganasawestGermanicIanguagewhichwasbroughttoEnglandbytheSaxonsaround400A.D.OldEnglishwasthespokenandwrittenIanguageofEnglandbetween400and1100A.D.ManywordsusedtodaycomefromOldEnglish,incl
2、udingman,woman,king,mother,etc.ButOldEnglishwasverydifferentfrommodernEnglishandonlyafewwordscanbeeasilyrecognized.Inthe9thand10thcenturies,whenVikingsinvadedEngland,OldNorsewords,e.g.sky,takeandgetandmanyplacenames,enteredtheIanguage・FromtheNormanConquest(1066)unt
3、ilthelate12thcenturyEnglishwasreplacedastheofficialIanguagebyNormanFrench,thoughEnglishwasstillusedbythelowerclasses・Englishfromabout1300to1500isknownasMiddleEnglish.ItwasinfluencedbyFrenchandalsoLatininvocabularyandpronunciation.Frenchbroughtmanywordsconnectedwith
4、government,e.g.sovereign,royal,court,legalandgovernmentitself.LatinwastheIanguageofreligionandlearningandgavetoEnglishwordssuchasminister,angel,master,schoolandgrammar.LiteraturebeganagaintobewritteninEnglishduringthisperiod・OneofthemostfamousMiddleEnglishworksisCh
5、aucer'sTheCanterburyTales.ii•ThedevelopmentofModernEnglishModernEnglishdevelopedfromtheMiddleEnglishdialectoftheEastMidlandsandwasinflueneedbytheEnglishusedinLondon,whereaprintingpresswassetupbyWilliamCaxtonin1476・Englishchangedagreatdealfromthistimeuntiltheendofth
6、e18thcentury.DuringtheRenaissanee,manywordswereintroducedfromGreekandLatintoexpressnewideas,especiallyinscienee,medicineandphilosophy・Theyineludedphysics,species,architecture,encyclopediaandhypothesis.Inthe16thcenturyseveralversionsoftheBiblehelpedbringwrittenEngli
7、shtoordinarypeople.TheElizabethanperiodisalsofamousforitsdrama,andShakespeare'splayswereseenbymanypeople・Thedevelopmentofprintinghelpedestablishstartdardsofspellingandgrammar,butthereremainedalotofvariation.SamuelJohnsorVsADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755)wasthe
8、firstauthoritativetreatmentofEnglish.Itdefinedabout40,000wordsandgaveexamplesoftheiruse・Bythe18thcenturyAmericanEnglishwasestablishedanddevelopin
