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1、READINGREADINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1belowAChronicleofTimekeepingOurconceptionoftimedependsonthewaywemeasureitAAccordingtoarchaeologicalevidence,atleast5,000yearsa8;o,andlongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeasu
2、retime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,toplantheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulateplantingandharvesting.Theybasedtheircalendarsonthreenaturalcycles:thesolarday,markedbythesuccessiveperiodsofli8;htanddarknessastheearthrotatesonitsaxis;thelunarmonth,followingthepha
3、sesofthemoonasitorbitstheearth;andthesolaryear,definedbythechan8;ingseasonsthataccompanyourplanet'srevolutionaroundthesun.BBeforetheinventionofartificiallight,themoonhadgreatersocialimpact.And,forthoselivingneartheequatorinparticular,itswaxingandwaningwasmoreconspicuousthanthepassingofthese
4、asons.Hence,thecalendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudewereinfluencedmorebythelunarcyclethanbythesolaryear.Inmorenorthernclimes,however,whereseasonalagriculturewaspracticed,thesolaryearbecamemorecrucial.AtheRomanEmpireexpandednorthward,itorganizeditsactivitychartforthemostpartaroundthes
5、olaryear.CCenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshadformulatedamunicipalcalendarhaving12monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoapproximatethesolaryear.Eachperiodoftendayswasmarkedbytheappearanceofspecialgroupsofstarscalleddecans.AttheriseofthestarSiriusjustbeforesunrise,whichoccurredaroundthe
6、all-importantannualfloodingoftheNile,12decanscouldbeseenspanningtheheavens.ThecosmicsignificancetheEgyptiansplacedinthe12decansledthemtodevelopasysteminwhicheachintervalofdarkness(andlater,eachintervalofdaylight)wasdividedintoadozenequalparts.Theseperiodsbecameknownastemporalhoursbecausethe
7、irdurationvarieaccordingtothechanginglengthofdaysandnightswiththepassingoftheseasons.Summerhourswerelongwinteronesshort;onlyatthespringandautumnequinoxeswerethehoursofdaylightanddarknessequal.Temporalhours,whichwerefirstadoptedbytheGreeksandthentheRomans
