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1、READINGREADINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1belowAClironicleofTimekeepingOurconceptionoftimedependsonthewaywemeasureitAAccordingtoarchaeologicalevidence,atleast5,000yearsa&o,andlongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeas
2、uretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,toplantheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulateplantingandharvesting.Theybasedtheircalendarsonthreenaturalcycles:thesolarday,markedbythesuccessiveperiodsofli8;htanddarknessastheearthrotatesonitsaxis;thelunarmonth,followingthep
3、hasesofthemoonasitorbitstheearth;andthesolai*year,definedbythechan8;ingseasonsthataccompanyourplanet'srevolutionaroundthesun・BBeforetheinventionofartificiallight,themoonhadgreatersocialimpact.And.forthoselivingneartheequatorinparticular,itswaxingandwaningwasmoreconspicuousthanthepassingoft
4、heseasons.Hence,thecalendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudewereinfluencedmorebythelunarcyclethanbythesolaryear.Inmorenorthernclimes,however,whereseasonalagriculturewaspracticed,thesolaryearbecamemorecmcial.AtheRomanEmpireexpandednorthward,itorganizeditsactivitychartforthemostpailaround
5、thesolaryear.CCenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshadformulatedamunicipalcalendarhaving12monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoapproximatethesolaryear.Eachperiodoftendayswasmarkedbytheappearanceofspecialgroupsofstarscalleddecans.AttheriseofthestarSiriusjustbeforesunrise,whichoccurredarou
6、ndtheall-importantannualfloodingoftheNile,12decanscouldbeseenspanningtheheavens・ThecosmicsignificancetheEgyptiansplacedinthe12decansledthemtodevelopasysteminwhicheachintervalofdaikness(andlater,eachintervalofdaylight)wasdividedintoadozenequalparts.Theseperiodsbecameknownastemporalhoursbeca
7、usetheirdurationvarieaccordingtothechanginglengthofdaysandnightswiththepassingoftheseasons.Summerhourswerelongwinteronesshort;onlyatthespringandautumnequinoxeswerethehoursofdaylightanddarknessequallemporalhours,whichwerefirstadoptedbytheGreeksandthentheRomans,
