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1、....223.HistoricalaspectsH.M.Kalckar.1991.50yearsofbiologicalresearch:FromoxidativephosphorylationtoenergyrequiringtransportregulationAnnu.Rev.Biochem.60:1-37.(PubMed)Kalckar,H.M.(Ed.),1969.BiologicalPhosphorylations.PrenticeHall.Fruton,J.S.,1972.MoleculesandLife.Wiley-Int
2、erscience.Lipmann,F.,1971.WanderingsofaBiochemist.Wiley-Interscience.15.Signal-TransductionPathways:AnIntroductiontoInformationMetabolismAcellishighlyresponsivetospecificchemicalsinitsenvironment.Hormonesarechemicalsignalsthattellacelltorespondtoachangeinconditions.Molecul
3、esinfoodoraromascommunicatetasteandsmellthroughtheirinteractionwithspecializedsensorycells.Thischapterprovidesanoverviewofinformationmetabolismhowcellsreceive,process,andrespondtoinformationfromtheenvironment.Theresultsofgenome-sequencingeffortshaveunderscoredhowwidespread
4、anddiversetheseinformation-processingcircuitsare.Forexample,approximatelyhalfofthe25largestproteinfamiliesencodedbythehumangenomedealprimarilywithinformationprocessing.Signal-transductioncascadesmediatethesensingandprocessingofstimuli.Thesemolecularcircuitsdetect,amplify,a
5、ndintegratediverseexternalsignalstogenerateresponsessuchaschangesinenzymeactivity,geneexpression,orion-channelactivity.Thischapterisanintroductiontosomeofthemostimportantclassesofmoleculesthatparticipateincommonsignal-transductionpathways.Wewillencountermanyspecificpathway
6、sintheirbiochemicalcontextsinlaterchapters.Inthischapter,wewillalsoconsidertheconsequencesofdefectsinthesepathways,particularlythoseleadingtocancer.15.0.1.SignalTransductionDependsonMolecularCircuits:AnOverviewSignal-transductionpathwaysfollowabroadlysimilarcoursethatcanbe
7、viewedasamolecularcircuit(Figure15.1).Webeginbyexaminingthechallengesposedbytransferringextracellularinformationtoacell'sinterior.1.Membranereceptorstransferinformationfromtheenvironmenttothecell'sinterior.Afewnonpolarsignalmoleculessuchasestrogensandothersteroidhormonesar
8、eabletodiffusethroughthecellmembranesand,hence,enterthecell.Onceinsidethecell,thesemolecu
