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1、英语测试理论与实践第五讲语法--从句第一节从属分句复合句(complexsentence):由一个主句(principalclause)和一个以上的从属分句(subordinateclause)构成。名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句状语从句:时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句一、状语从句主要功能是作主句的状语,由完整的主谓句构成。1.让步状语从句①though,although,evenif/though引导,Mr.Wellsisscarcelyinsympathy
2、withtheworkingclass.(2005)AAlthoughheissocialistBEvenifheisasocialistCBeingasocialistDSinceheisasocialist2.as引导的让步状语从句①as引导的状语从句须将表语、状语、动词原型提到as前,如果动词或现在分词放在句首,谓语要补加助动词如do/does/did,will等。Failashedid,hewouldnevergiveup.②作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时,该名词前不加冠词。FoolasJaneis,shecouldnothavedonesuchathing.③a
3、s从句的主语是代词时,主谓不需倒装;如果主语是名词时,则需要倒装。Difficultasitwas,theyfinisheditintime.Difficultaswasthework,theyfinisheditintime.FoolJerryis,hecouldnothavedonesuchathing.(2010)AwhoBasClikeDthat(3).while引导的让步状语从句while表示“尽管、虽然”时,可以引导让步状语从句,这时while表达并列的转折,即主句与从句的动作是同一时间发生的。While引导的从句通常放到主句前。Isympathize,Ican
4、’treallydoverymuchtohelpthemoutofthedifficulties.(2001)AAslongasBAsCWhileDEven(4).nomatterhow与however引导的让步状语从句Nomatter与疑问词what,when,where,how连用,或上述疑问词加ever,都可以引导让步状语从句,两者基本可以互换。Nomatterhow/Howeverslyafoxmaybe,itisnomatchforagoodhunter.Nomatterwhat/Whateveryoudo,Iwon’ttellyoumysecret.thebos
5、ssays,itisunreasonabletoaskmetoworkovertimewithoutpay.(2009)AWhateverBWheneverCWhicheverDHowever比较状语从句一般由as和than引导ItiseasierthanIthought.Ihaven’tdoneasmuchasIshouldhaveliked.条件状语从句If,unless,provided/providing(that),so/aslongas,onconditionthat,suppose/supposing(that),intheeventthat,whethero
6、rnotThisisanillnessthatcanresultintotalblindnessleftuntreated.(2000)AafterBifCsinceDunless时间状语从句引导词:when,after,as等1.when与while引导的时间状语从句When表示“当…的时候”,指一个时间点(段)的动作;while表示“在…同时”,只能表示持续性的动作或状态,不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作。WhileTomwasreading,Jackwaswriting.Whenhefinishedhisspeech,theaudienceburstintoapplau
7、se.2.Hardly/Scarcely…when和Nosooner…than(一…就)引导的时间状语从句,相当于assoonas;Hardly/Scarcely和Nosooner后面用完成时,when,than后面用过去时。Thecouplehadnosoonergottothestationthecoachleft.(2009)AwhenBasCuntilDthan3.theminute/moment/day,thefirst/second/lasttime,each/every/next/time等都可以引导