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1、84’Unit1AnOverviewofHumanResourceManagementPrereadingquestions:1.Whatarethefeaturesofemploymentthatyouvaluemost?2.HowcanHumanResourceManagementactivitiescontributetothepresenceofthesefeatures?3.HowisPersonnelManagementdifferentfromHumanResourceManagement?4.HumanR
2、esourceisnotadepartment—itisthedepartment".Howdoyouinterpretthissaying?TextOrganizationsrequireanumberofthingstobeeffective:physicalresources,financialresources,marketingcapabilityandhumanresources.Whilealltheseareimportanttoorganizationaleffectiveness,thefactort
3、hatismostlikelytoprovidepotentialcompetitiveadvantageishumanresourcesandhowtheseresourcesaremanaged.Theproductiontechnology,financing,andcustomerconnections(marketing)canallbecopied.Thebasicsofmanagingpeoplealsocanbecopied,butthemosteffectiveorganizationsfinduniq
4、uewaystoattract,retainandmotivateemployees—astrategythatishardertoimitate.8484Inasuperbarticle,CompetitiveAdvantagethroughPeople,JeffreyPfeffergaveSouthwestAirlinesasanexample.Consider...SouthwestAirlines,whosestockhadthebestreturnfrom1972toearly1992.Itcertainlyd
5、idnotachievethatsuccessfromeconomiesofscale.In1992,Southwesthadrevenuesof$1.31billionandamere2.6percentoftheU.S.passengermarket...Southwest(hasnot)succeededbecauseithashadmoreaccesstolower-costcapital—indeed,itisoneoftheleastleveragedairlinesintheUnitedStates.Sou
6、thwest’splanes,Boeing737s,areobviouslyavailabletoallitscompetitors.Itisn’tamemberofanyofthebigcomputerizedreservationsystems;itusesnouniqueprocesstechnologyandsellsessentiallyacommodityproduct—low-cost,low-frillsair-lineserviceatpricesitscompetitorshavedifficulty
7、matching.MostofSouthwest’scostadvantagecomesfromitsveryproductive,verymotivated,andbytheway,unionizedworkforce.ComparedtotheU.S.airlineindustry,accordingto1991statistics,Southwesthasfeweremployeesperaircraft(79versus131),andfliesmorepassengersperemployee(1,891,08
8、2versus1,339,995).Itturnsaroundsome80percentofitsflightsin15minutesorless,whileotherairlinesonaverageneed45minutes,givingitanenormousproductivityadvantageinter
