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1、livinglifemaybeabattle英语专业《文学批评》笔记Plato?sandAristotle^sView:ArtisEssentiallyMimesisArtwaspotentiallydangerousforseveralreasons:A.)Artwasessentiallydeceptive.B.)Artwasmainlyconcernedwithsensualpleasure.C.)Further,Artwaspsychologicallyde-stabilizing.(fortheindividual)(Eth.
2、,Ps.)D.)Artleadstoimmorality.(EthJE.)Artwaspoliticallydangerous,(threattothecommongood)(Po.Ps.)Artwasnotpotentiallydangerousforseveralreasons:A.)(Good)Artwasessentiallytruthful.(Ep.)B.)Artwasmainlyconcernedwithsensualpleasure,andthat5saGoodthing.(M,Ep.,Eth.)C.)Artwaspsyc
3、hologicallyhealthy(fortheindividual)(Eth.,Ps.)D.)Artleadstomoralknowledge.(Eth.)E.)Artwaspoliticallynecessaryandhealthy.(Po.Ps.)Example:fromTheElderEdda《古埃达》，uWordsoftheHighOne"ThecowardbelieveshewillliveforeverIfheholdsbackinthebattle・ButinoldageheshallhavenopeaceThough
4、spearshavesparedhislimbs.Cattledie,kindreddie,Everymanismortal:ButIknowonethingthatneverdies,Thegloryofthegreatdeed・(ThePoeticEddaisacollectionofOldNorsepoemsfromtheIcelandicmediaevalmanuscriptCodexRegius-13thcentury)ANALYZE,LITERALMEANING(paraphrase):Thisexcerpttellsust
5、hatonlycowardswouldthinktosavetheirownlivesratherthanfightthebattletotheend・Butsurvivingthus,thecowardwillnothaveanypieceofmind;he'llbetormentedrightintooldage.It'sbettertodie,sinceeverylivingthingismortalanyway・Butthegreatdeedisimmortal・So,it'sbettertodieinbattleandposs
6、iblyachievegreatdeedsratherthanpreservemortallife.INTERPRET,SYMBOLICMEANINGThebattlemaybesymbolicoflifthispoettellsus,onlycowardschoosetoturntheirbackonit.Ifweletlifepassusbyandnotseizethemomentthenwellhavenothinginoldagebutregrets.Bettertoperformthe'greatdeeds'withoutfe
7、arofloss.Lifeanddeathalsoequatedwithsuccessandfailure,lovingandlosing,sadnessandhappinessetc.QUESTIONWhatare'greatdeeds5?Personally,culturally,historically?TextualScholarship/LowerCriticism:APrerequisitetoCriticism定义：Abranchofliterarycriticismthatisprimarilyconcernedwith
8、theidentificationandremovaloftranscription(抄写)errorsinthetextsofmanuscripts.Goal:toestablishtheauthenti
