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1、外文翻译原文Patents,Licensing,AndMarketStructureInTheChemistryIndustryMaterialSource:http://129.3.20.41/econ-wp/io/papers/9605/9605003.pdfAuthor:AshishAroraTheGermanstrategyofusingpatentsto"buildwallsaroundentireresearchareas"wasparticularlysuccessfulwhentheyhadasubstan
2、tialleadovertheirrivals.Butovertime,somefirms,suchasICI,andDuPontmanagedtoreducethegap,attimeshelpedbytheirnationalgovernments,leadingtotheformationofanumberofinternationalcartels.Thechemicalindustrywasprobablyoneoftheearliest"global"industriesandcartels,bothdomes
3、ticandinternational,wereanimportantaspectofthisglobalization.Infact,thepre-WWIIinternationalchemicalmarkethasbeencharacterizedbymanyasasortofa"gentlemen'sclub"(e.g.Spitz[1988],Smith[1992].)Whilesomecartels,suchasthealkalicartel,werepurelyaboutmarketsharing,othersw
4、ereorganizedaroundacommontechnology,andwereofteninitiatedbythepatentholder.Thelatterwouldlicensethetechnology,ofteninexchangeforasmallfinancialstake.Forinstance,Solvayrequiredthatthelicenseesofhisammonia-sodaprocessshareanyimprovementswithhim,andinturn,theseweresh
5、aredwithotherlicensees.ThishelpedtheSolvayretaincontrol,aswellasenablehisprocesstoremaincompetitiveagainstrivals(Haber[1958:89],Hounshell[1992]).Althoughcartelshadexplicitmarketsharingrules,economictheorysuggeststhatlicensingagreementsalonecouldhaveachievedmanyoft
6、herestrictiveoutcomesthattheinter-firmagreementsspecified.UsingasimpletheoreticalmodelofCournotoligopolyintheproductmarket,onecanshowthatapatentholdercandesignalicensingcontractofferedtoallexistingproducersthatreplicatesthemonopolyoutcome(seeKatzandShapiro[1986]fo
7、rdetails.)Thesecartelsusedanumberofinstruments,includingpatentlicensingagreements,tomaintainmarketsharesanddeterentry.However,patentsweremoreeffectiveindeterringentrybysmaller,lessestablishedfirms:Insomeinstancestheinnovatorlicensedthetechnologytodissuadeamajorcom
8、petitorfromlitigatingthepatentincourt.Oftenitwasnotevenintheimitator'sinteresttohavethepatentinvalidatedbecauseitwouldallowentryofotherfirms.Withcartels
