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1、外文翻译原文EconomicEvidenceinAntitrust:DefiningMarketsandMeasuringMarketPowerMaterialSource:LibraryAuthor:JonathanB.Baker&TimothyF.BresnahanIdentifyingandMeasuringMarketPower.Marketpower–theabilityoffirmstoraisepriceabovethecompetitivelevelforasustainedperiod–isapartofthelegalframeworkinm
2、ultipleantitrustcontexts.MonopolypowerisanelementofthemonopolizationoffenseunderShermanAct§2.Inaddition,marketpowerisoftenfrequentlyassessedunderShermanAct§1,todeterminewhetherconductundertakenpursuanttoanagreementwasreasonable.Themarketpowerinquirymayapplytoafirmindividuallyortoanum
3、beroffirmsasagroup.Historically,intheantitrustworld,marketpowerhasmostcommonlybeenidentifiedthroughinferencefromahighmarketshare.Butdirectevidencehasincreasinglybecomeimportantasanalternative,inpartbecauseacademiceconomistshavedevelopedanumberofeconometricapproachesformeasuringmarket
4、power.Itisworthemphasizingthattheultimateeconomicquestioninantitrustlitigationisalmostneverwhetherafirmorsetoffirmshavemarketpower.Thecasealmostinvariablyconcernsaneconomicobjectiontothechallengedconduct–anagreementamongrivals,amerger,exclusionarytacticsandthelike–thatturnsonwhethert
5、heconducthasincreased(inaretrospectivecase)orislikelytoincrease(inaprospectivecase)marketpower.Accordingly,theeconomicquestionisnotthelevelofmarketpowerbutthechange.Antitrustlawattimesreliesuponpresumptionsthatifthelevelofmarketpowerishigh,varioustypesofconductwillincreaseit,andifthe
6、levelofmarketpowerislow,theywillnot.Thatis,inlegalterms,anticompetitiveeffectisattimesinferredfromproofofmarketpower.Whetherornotsuchinferencesarejustifiedempirically,theyshiftattentionfromtheultimateeconomicquestionofwhethermarketpowerhasincreased.Ourdiscussionofidentificationwhenme
7、asuringmarketpoweralsofocusesonlevelsforexpositionalclarity.Nonetheless,itisimportantnottolosesightoftheultimatequestion.Accordingly,whenitispossible,economicmethodsshouldbeusedtoassesschangesinmarketpower,examiningahistoricalcounterfactualwithoutthechallengedpracticesinaretrospectiv
8、ecaseorprovi
