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1、Lesson9AgainstalloddsIntroductiontotheTextThistextisadaptedfromthebiographyofStephenHawking—StephenHawking:AlifeinScience,2ndedition,writtenbyMichaelWhiteandJohnGribbin,publishedin1998.StephenHawking --“thescientistinthewheelchair”StephenWilliamHawkingwasbornon8January1942(300yea
2、rsafterthedeathofGalileo)inOxford,England..ProfessorStephenWHawking,"Evenashesitshelplessinhiswheelchair,hismindseemstosoarevermorebrilliantlyacrossthevastnessofspaceandtimetounlockthesecretsoftheuniverse."-Time"Brilliantbook!"-NickDonaldson,BitWranglerExtraordinaire!.AtelevenSte
3、phenwenttoStAlbansSchool,andthenontoUniversityCollege,Oxford,hisfather'soldcollege.StephenwantedtodoMathematics,althoughhisfatherwouldhavepreferredmedicine.MathematicswasnotavailableatUniversityCollege,sohedidPhysicsinstead.Afterthreeyearsandnotverymuchworkhewasawardedafirstclass
4、honorsdegreeinNaturalScience.HawkingStephenthenwentontoCambridgetodoresearchinCosmology,therebeingno-oneworkinginthatareainOxfordatthetime.AftergaininghisPh.D.hebecamefirstaResearchFellow,andlateronaProfessorialFellowatGonvilleandCaiusCollege.StephenHawkinghasworkedonthebasiclaws
5、whichgoverntheuniverse.HeshowedthatEinstein’sGeneralTheoryofRelativityimpliedspaceandtimewouldhaveabeginningintheBigBangandanendinblackholes.TheseresultsindicateditwasnecessarytounifyGeneralRelativitywithQuantumTheory.Oneconsequenceofsuchaunificationthathediscoveredwasthatblackho
6、lesshouldnotbecompletelyblack,butshouldemitradiationandeventuallyevaporateanddisappear.Anotherconjectureisthattheuniversehasnoedgeorboundaryinimaginarytime.Thiswouldimplythatthewaytheuniversebeganwascompletelydeterminedbythelawsofscience.Hismainpublications*ABriefHistoryofTime*Bl
7、ackHolesandBabyUniversesandOtherEssaysTheLargeScaleStructureofSpacetimeGeneralRelativity:AnEinsteinCentenarySurvey300YearsofGravityHawkingProfessorHawkinghastwelvehonorarydegrees.Heistherecipientofmanyawards,medalsandprizesandisaFellowofTheRoyalSocietyandaMemberoftheUSNationalAca
8、demyofSciences.“AsIreadhisideasaboutspac
