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1、FromthetextitselfLevelsoflanguage LevelOne:PhonologyorGraphology LevelTwo:LexisandGrammar LevelThree:SemanticsPhonologicalfeaturesSegmentals:phonemes(consonantsandvowels) supra-segmentals:syllablestress,rhythm,andintonationSegmentalfeatures2,Phonaesthesia(soundsymbolism)（方言测试）Examples:Whatdotheypr
2、onounce/meanincommon?[i:][i]little,tittle,bit,thin,slit,chink,sliver[u:][u]gloom,doom,loom,woe,forlorn[fl]flail,flap,flare,fling,flick,flop,flounce[gl]gleam,glint,glitter,glisten[le][er]bubble,twinkle,jangle,ripple,twitter,flutterPhonaesthesia(语音象征，或语音感觉)occurswhencertainsoundsbecomeassociatedwithc
3、ertainmeanings,eventhoughtheydonotattempttoimitatethesound.Segmentalfeatures2,Phonaesthesia(soundsymbolism)scr-:scramble（争抢），scrape（刮擦），scratch（抓），scream（尖叫），screak(嘎嘎作响)，screech（尖叫），scranch(嘎咂嚼碎)，scraunch(同“scranch”),scroop(发轧轧声),scrub（擦洗），scrunch（嘎吱嘎吱地作响），scribble（乱写）,scrabble(乱涂),scrawl（乱划）。根据其发
4、音特征，一般都和刮、擦等刺耳不悦的声音有联系。sc-:scan（扫描），scat（迅速走开），scud（飞奔），scutter（疾走），scuttle（急促地跑），scoot（疾走），scamper（奔走），scurry（疾跑），scour（疾跑）。都和快速移动动作有关联。Segmentalfeatures3,SoundPatterning:matchingofidenticalorsimilarsoundsbetweentwoormorewords.Monosyllabicsoundpatterning:CVCAlliteration头韵CVCAssonance腹韵CVCConsonanc
5、e辅韵CVCReverseRhyme倒韵CVCPararhyme头尾韵CVCRhyme韵Segmentalfeatures3,SoundPatterning:matchingofidenticalorsimilarsoundsbetweentwoormorewords.Monosyllabicsoundpatterning:CVCAlliterationdrip-dryCVCAssonancehitormissCVCConsonancefits-startsCVCReverseRhymetime-tideCVCPararhymehell-holeCVCRhymefat-catSegmenta
6、lfeatures3,SoundPatterning(examples)Alliteration头韵Alliterationisakindofparallelisminsound.Itcancreateharmony,connectionandachievespecialstylisticeffects.Segmentalfeatures3,SoundPatterning(examples)Alliteration头韵Helen,thybeautyistome Likethoseniceanbarksofyore, Thatgently,o’eraperfumedsea,Theweary,w
7、ay-wornwandererboreTohisownnativeshore -E.A.Poe“ToHelen”MetreMeter(格律)issimplyarhythmthathasbeenchosenbythepoetandwhichherepeatsandusesconsistentlyoverthelengthofastanzaorcompletepoem.Forapoemtobedescribeda
