hyponymy[(词义之间的)下义关系

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1、词汇学UnitFourWordMeaningLecturedbyzhongmin1I.WordMeaning1.AWordandWordMeaning2.MotivationofWords3.AnalysisofwordmeaningandsemanticfieldII.MakeupofWordMeaning1.GrammaticalmeaningandLexicalMeaning2.ConceptualmeaningandAssociativemeaning3.Connotativemeaning4.Stylisticmeaning5.Affectivemea

2、ning6.Collocativemeaning21.AWordandItsMeaningSemanticsSemanticsisthestudyofmeaningsofdifferentlinguisticlevels:lexis,syntax,utterance,discourse,etc.Butlexicologywillfocusonthelexicallevel.Thetypesofmeaningandsenserelationssuchaspolysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymy,hyponymy[(词义之间的)下义关系

3、,上下位关系]andsemanticfieldallbelongtothescopeofsemanticstudyandconstituteanimportantpartoflexicology.1)TherelationbetweenawordanditsmeaningEverywordhastwoaspects:theouteraspectsound,andtheinneraspectmeaning.32)Wordsandconceptsi)Wordsandconceptsareinseparable.Conceptsareembodiedinwords

4、:wecannotthinkwithoutwords.Wordsareabstractionofthings;abookisabook,notanyparticularkindofbooklikenovel,pictorial,textbook....ii)Wordsandconceptsarenotidenticala)Onlynotional(表意的,实义的)wordsreflectthings.Formwordsarenotrelatedtoanyactualthinginreallife.Theyareabstraction(提取)ofgrammatic

5、alrelations.b)Thesameconceptcanbeexpressedbydifferentwords:underground(BrE),tube(BrE),subway(AmE),allmeanthesamething.Onewordcanalsoexpressvariousdifferentconcepts:“face”maysignify:thefrontpartofthehead;outwardappearance;theprincipalsideofsurfaceofanything:thefrontofabuilding,anarch,

6、acliff,etc.;themarkedsideofaplayingcard,watch,etc.42.Word’sMotivationPolysemy(一词多义)ThewordpolysemyisofGreekorigin(GK.polys-manyandsema-meaning)andmeansasitsetymologyshows,apluralityofmeaning.i)Diachronic(历时性的）approachtopolysemyIfpolysemyisvieweddiachronically,itisunderstoodasthegro

7、wthanddevelopmentor,ingeneral,achangeinthesemanticstructureoftheword.e.g.table:1)apieceoffurniture;2)thepersonsseatedatatable(tokeepthetableamused);3)(sing.only)thefoodputonatable,meals(tokeepagood,poortable);4)aflatslabofstoneorwoodusedforinscriptions;5)wordsoutintoitorwrittenonit(t

8、hetentables)