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1、锥体外系疾病（运动障碍性疾病）Extrapyramidaldiseases(movementdisorders)神经病学教研室DepartmentofNeurologyZhijianZhang锥体外系疾病,主要表现为随意运动调节功能障碍，肌力、Extrapyramidaldiseasesmainlyimpairtheregulationofvoluntarymotoractivitywithout感觉及小脑功能不直接受影响。运动障碍疾病源于基底节功能紊乱。directlyaffectingstrength,sensation,orcerebellarfunction.
2、Movementdisordersresultfromdysfunctionofdeepsubcorticalgraymatterstructurestermedthebasalganglia.解剖：Anatomy:基底节：尾状核、豆状核（壳核、苍白球）、屏状核和杏仁复合体。Basalganglia:caudatenucleus,lentiformnucleus(putamen,globuspallidus),claustrumandamygdaloidcomplex.新纹状体：壳核、尾状核。Neostriatum:putamen,caudate.旧纹状体：苍白球Pa
3、leostiratum:globuspallidus古纹状体：杏仁复合体Archistriatum:amygdaloidcomplex相关结构：红核、黑质、丘脑底核、中脑间质核、大脑皮质的4、6区。Dependencystructure:rednucleus(corpusrubrum),substantianigra,midbraininterstitialnucleus,4and6regionsofcerebralcortex神经环路：Neuronalloops:1.皮质-皮质环路：大脑皮质-尾状核、壳核-内侧苍白球-丘脑-大脑皮质1.Corticorticallo
4、op:cerebralcortex-caudate,putamen-theinternalsegmentoftheglobuspallidus-thalamus-cerebralcortex2.黑质-纹状体环路：黑质与尾状核、壳核之间的往返联系纤维2.Nigrostriatalloop:connectingthesubstantianigra,caudateandputamen3.纹状体-苍白球环路：尾状核、壳核-外侧苍白球-丘脑底核-内侧苍白球3.Striaropallidalloop:projectsfromthecaudateandputamentotheext
5、ernalsegmentoftheglobuspallidus,thentothesubthalamicnucleus,andfinallytotheinternal segmentofglobuspallidus.神经递质：乙酰胆碱（Ach）、多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、谷氨酸等。Neurotransmitter(NT):acetylcholine,dopamine,noradrenaline,5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin),gamma-aminobutyricacid,ami
6、noglutaminicacid,etc.临床分类：Clinicalclassification: 1．运动过多：震颤、肌张力障碍、舞蹈症、手足徐动症、抽搐1.hypercinesia:tremor,dysmyotonia,chorea,posthemiplegicchorea,tic 2．运动减少：帕金森病和帕金森综合征。2.hypokinesia:Parkinson’sdiseaseandParkinson’ssyndrome3.其他疾病：共济失调、肝豆状核变性。3.Otherdiseases:ataxia,Kinnier-Wilsonsyndrome治疗原则：T
7、herapeuticprinciple:病因治疗、药物治疗、神经外科治疗、个体化原则。Etilogicaltreatment，drugtreatment，neurosurgicaltherapy,individualizedtreatment帕金森病(agitansparalysis;paralysisagitans;Parkinson'sdisease;PD)帕金森病又名震颤麻痹，是一种常见的中老人神经系统变性疾病，50岁以上Parkinson’sdisease,alsonamedParalysisagitans,isakindoffrequent
