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1、AirplaneControlSurfacesAirplanecontrolsurfacesForanairplanetobecontrollable,controlsurfaces（操纵面）arenecessary.Thefourmaincontrolsurfacesareailerons（副翼）,elevators（升降舵）,rudder（方向舵）andflaps（襟翼）.Threeaxes:lateralaxis,longitudinalaxisandverticalaxisDefinitionsofAxesThelaterala
2、xis(横轴)canbeimaginedasalinerunningfromwingtiptowingtipthroughthecenterofgravity.Theverticalaxis（竖轴/立轴）isanimaginarylinerunningthroughtheceilingandfloorofthefuselage,throughthecenterofgravity.Thelongitudinalaxis（纵轴）isanimaginarylinerunningfromthenosetothetailthroughthecen
3、terofgravity.ActionAxisControlledbyRollLongitudinalAileronsPitchLateralElevatorsYawVerticalRudderLateralaxislongitudinalaxisVerticalaxispitchrollyawRoll（滚转）andLongitudinalAxisAileronLocatedonthetrailingedge(rear)ofthewing,towardsthewingtips,theaileronscontroltheairplane'
4、sroll.Eachaileronmovesatthesametimebutinoppositedirectionsi.e.whentheleftaileronmovesup,therightaileronmovesdownandviceversa.AileronsThemovementofaileronscausesaslightdecreaseinliftonthewingtipwiththeupwardmovingaileron,whiletheoppositewingtipexperiencesaslightincreasein
5、liftwithdownwardmovingaileron.Becauseofthissubtlechangeinlift,theairplaneisforcedtorollintheappropriatedirection.Whenthepilotmovesthestickleft,theleftaileronwillriseandtheairplanewillrollleftinresponsetothechangeinliftoneachwing.Theaileronsarecontrolledbyaleft/rightmovem
6、entofthecontrolstick,or'yoke'.RudderVerticalAxisandYaw（偏航）Therudderislocatedonthebackedgeoftheverticalstabilizer(垂直安定面),orfin,andiscontrolledbytworudderpedals（方向舵脚蹬）atthepilot'sfeet.RudderWhenthepilotpushestheleftpedal,theruddermovestotheleft.Theairrunningoverthefinnowpu
7、shesharderagainsttheleftsideoftherudder,forcingthenoseoftheairplanetoyawroundtotheleft.ElevatorsPitch（俯仰）andLateralAxisElevatorsTheelevatorsarelocatedonthetailplane（横尾翼、水平安定面）,orhorizontalstabilizer.Theelevatorsareusedtocontrolthepitchoftheairplane.Elevatorsarelinkeddire
8、ctlytoeachother,soworkinunisonunlikeailerons.Movingtheelevatorup(pullingbackontheyoke)willcausetheairpl
