Chapter08 Cognitive Approaches to Lear

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1、CognitiveApproachestoLearningChapterEightTheBigPictureHowisinformationenteredorencodedintomemory?Howdowegofromseeingorhearinginformation,tolearningtheinformation,toputtingitintomemory?Howisinformationstoredinmemory?Whatarethedifferentkindsofmemorystoragethatpeopleuse?Whatmodelshavebeenproposedto

2、accountforhowinformationisstoredinmemory?Howdoweretrieveinformationfrommemory?Whatfactorsinfluencerememberingandforgetting?TheBigPictureWhatcanpeopledotoimprovetheirmemories?Whatspecifictechniquescanstudentsandteachersusetoenhancetheirmemories?Howdotheconditionsunderwhichwelearnsomethinginfluenc

3、eourlikelihoodofrememberingandusingtheinformation.CognitiveApproachestoLearningWhatIsACognitiveApproachToLearning?HowIsMemoryImportant?BasicMemoryTerminologyEncodingStorageRetrievalTheStandardMemoryModelSensoryRegisterDefinitionSensoryMemoryisPrecategoricalVisualSensoryMemoryOtherSensoryStoresSh

4、ort-TermMemoryDuration-approximately1-2minutesRehearsalCapacity-approximately5to9itemsChunkingLong-TermMemoryUnlimitedCapacityUnlimitedDurationTotal-TimeHypothesisConstraintsOnThisHypothesisRehearsalStrategiesMaintenance(RoteLearning)ElaborativeStandardModelSummaryLearninginaSessionDistributedLe

5、arningMassedLearningTypesofStorageinLong-TermMemoryDeclarativeMemorySemanticversusEpisodicRepresentationsAnalogicalRepresentationsSymbolicRepresentationsPropositionalNetworksPropositionsTypesofStorageinLong-TermMemoryProceduralKnowledgeProductionsorCondition-ActionRulesProductionSystemsTypesofSt

6、orageinLong-TermMemoryConditionalKnowledgeHowtoApplyYourKnowledgeCognitiveStrategiesLong-TermStorageSummaryAlternativeModelsofMemoryConnectionistModelsTheWorkingMemoryModelTheLevelsOfProcessingModelSelf-ReferenceEffectAPropositionalNetworkTheLevelsofProcessingModelRetrievingInformationRetrievalM

7、emoryTasksRecallFree,Serial,PairedRecognitionFacilitatingMemoryCues,AdvanceOrganizers,EncodingSpecificityMnemonicDevicesCategoricalClusteringInteractiveimagesPegwordsMethodofLociAcronymsAcrosticsKeywordsRetrievalFailureForge