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ID:43354372
大小:54.01 KB
页数:6页
时间:2019-09-29
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1、Theoriesandschoolsoflinguistics1.Saussure’sideaSaussure’sideawasdevelopedalong3lines:linguistics,sociologyandpsychology.1)Linguistics:SaussurereceivedthegreatestinfluencefromtheAmericanlinguistWilliamDwightWhitney.Heworkwithinessentiallytheneogrammariantraditionbutraisedthequestionofthe
2、sign.Inhisbooks,hearguedthatlanguageisinfactaninstitution,foundedonsocialconvention.Instressingtheinstitutionalandconventionalnatureoflanguage,Whitneydistinguishedhumancommunicationfromthemerelyinstinctiveanimalcommunication,andlanguagekeepdevelopingandchanging.SaussureacknowledgedWhitn
3、ey’sinfluenceonhisownturningtotheproblemofthesign.InhisCourseinGeneralLinguistics,Saussuresaidthatbyinsistingontheconceptofarbitrarinessofthesigntoemphasizethatlanguageisaninstitution.ItisWhitneywholedSaussuretoseethatbymakingrepresentationofalanguageratherthanthehistoryofitthebasisofad
4、iscipline,onecouldbegintodistinguishtherelevantdatafromtheirrelevant,andthefunctionalfromthenon-functional.ForSaussure,meaningexistsonlybecausetherearedifferencesofmeaninganditisthesedifferencesofmeaningthatenableonetoestablishthearticulationoflinguisticforms.Formscanberecognizednotbeca
5、useoftheirhistoricalcontinuity,butbecauseoftheirdifferentfunctions,theirabilityofdistinguishandtoproducedistinctmeanings.Saussurefundamentalperceptionisofrevolutionarysignificance.Meaningdependsondifferencesofmeaning;onlythroughdifferencesofmeaningcanoneidentifyformsandtheirdefiningfunc
6、tionalqualities.Formsmustbeestablishedthroughanalysisofasystemofrelationsanddifferences.2)Sociology:Asforsociology,SaussurewasinfluencedbytheFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheim,whowroteRulesofSociologicalMethodandOnSuicide:SociologicalStudies.First,heintroducedtheterm“socialfacts”,accordingt
7、oDurkheim,socialfactsareideasinthe“collectingmind”ofasociety.Thecollectivemindofasocietyissththatexistsoverandabovetheindividualmembersofthesociety,anditsideasareonlyindirectlyandimperfectlyreflectedinthemindsofthepeoplewhomakeupthesociety.Durkheim’sideaisthatasocietycomprisesa
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