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1、Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics12.1SaussureandStructuralism12.1.1FerdinanddeSaussure12.1.2Saussure’sLinguisticConcepts12.1.3Structuralism12.2ThePragueSchool12.2.1PhonologicalContribution12.2.2SyntacticContribution—FunctionalSentencePerspective12.3TheLondo
2、nSchool12.3.1Firth12.3.2Halliday’sSystemicFunctionalGrammar(SFG)12.4AmericanStructuralism12.4.1Bloomfield12.4.2Sapir12.5Transformational–GenerativeGrammar12.5.1Chomsky’sSyntacticStructure12.5.2Chomsky’sInnatenessHypothesis12.5.3Chomsky’sCompetencevs.Performance12.5.4Str
3、ucturalLinguisticsandT-GGrammar12.1SaussureandStructuralism12.1.1FerdinanddeSaussureFerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913),aSwisslinguistandSanskritist,excelledearlyinIndo-Europeanphilology.Afterhisdeath,twoofhisstudents,C.BallyandA.Sechehaye,basedonthestudents’lecturenotesands
4、omeofhisownjottings,compiledAcourseinGeneralLinguisticsin1916.Saussureiswidelyconsideredtobethefounderofmodernlinguisticsinitsattemptstodescribethestructureoflanguageratherthanthehistoryofparticularlanguagesandlanguageforms.Heisalsothelinguistfounderofstructuralism.Saus
5、surepointedoutthatlanguageisnotcomposedofindividualunits,eachinherentwithmeaning,butasystemofphoneticandsemanticdifferences.Forexample,theword“bed”iswhatisnotmeantbythewords“bad”,“bid”,“bud”,“fed”,etc..12.1.2Saussure’sLinguisticConcepts1.LinguisticSign—Signifiervs.Signi
6、fiedSignSignifierSignifiedconceptsoundimageLanguageisbasedonaNAMINGprocess,bywhichthingsgetassociatedwithawordorname.Saussuresaysthisisaprettynaïveorelementaryviewoflanguage,becauseitgetsacrosstheideathatthebasiclinguisticunithastwoparts.Saussurenamesthosetwopartsthecon
7、ceptandthesoundimage.Thelinguisticsignismadeoftheunionofaconceptandasoundimage.Saussureisverycarefultoemphasizethatwordsdonotrefertothingsintherealworldbuttoideasweincludeabouttheworld.Forexample,theword“tree”doesnotrefertothethingintheworldbutrathertoaconceptinourminds
8、.Oneusesdeicticmarkerslike“this”or“that”torelateconceptstoobjectsintheworld.9AccordingtoSaussure,alinguisticsi
