法律知识导读（英文）第十二单元InternationalLaw

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1、Unit12InternationalLaw国际法Lead-in国际法是指适用主权国家之间以及其它具有国际人格的实体之间的法律规则的总体。国际法又称国际公法，以区别于国际私法或法律冲突，后者处理的是不同国家的国内法之间的差异。根据《国际法院规约》第38条之规定，国际法的渊源包括以下几个方面：条约、国际习惯法、一般法律原则、司法判例及学说等。至于国际法的法律依据，早期西方社会是不承认的，但目前国际法的法律地位已经得到了确认。然而，从实证的角度来考察，名义上国际法对国家具有约束力，但事实上国际社会缺乏有效制裁违法国家的手段。Inter

2、nationalLaw------Internationallawisthesetofrulesgenerallyregardedandacceptedasbindinginrelationsbetweenstatesandbetweennations,primarilyapplicabletocountriesratherthantoprivatecitizens.HistoryExistedsincethemid-19thcentury;TwosophisticatedlegalsystemsdevelopedintheWes

3、ternWorld:thecodifiedsystemsofcontinentalEuropeanstates(AmericanCivilLaw)andEnglishcommonlaw.Inthe20thcentury,thetwoWorldWarsandtheformationoftheLeagueofNationsacceleratethisprocessandestablishedmodernpublicinternationallaw.★AfterthefailureoftheTreatyofVersaillesandWo

4、rldWarII,theUNhasalsobeenthefocusforthedevelopmentofnewadvisory(non-binding)standards,suchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.Otherinternationalnormsandlawshavebeenestablishedthroughinternationalagreements,includingtheGenevaConventions,aswellasbyagreementsimplement

5、edbyotherinternationalorganizations.SourcesofinternationallawTreaties,internationalcustoms,andgeneralprinciples;judicialdecisionsandscholarlywritingsTypesofinternationallawPublicinternationallaw:Publicinternationallaw(orinternationalpubliclaw)governstherelationshipbet

6、weenstatesandinternationalentities.Itincludestheselegalfields:treatylaw,lawofsea,internationalcriminallaw,thelawsofwarorinternationalhumanitarianlawandinternationalhumanrightslaw.Normsofinternationallawhavetheirsources:1.custom,orcustomaryinternationallaw.(consistents

7、tatepracticeaccompaniedbyopiniojuris)2.globallyacceptedstandardsofbehavior(peremptorynormsknownasjuscogensoriuscogens).3.codificationscontainedinconventionalagreements,generallytermedtreaties.Privateinternationallaw:Conflictoflaws,oftencalled"privateinternationallaw"i

8、ncivillawjurisdictions,governsconflictsbetweenprivatepersons.Supranationallaw:Supranationallaworthelawofsupranationalorganiz