法律知识导读（英文）第五单元Constitutionallaw

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1、Unit5Constitutionallaw宪法宪法，是一个国家或地区的根本大法。美国宪法，是“国家的最高法律”，奠定了美国政治制度的法律基础。1787年5月，美国各州代表在费城召开制宪会议，同年9月通过了《美利坚合众国宪法》｡1789年，美国宪法正式生效，后又附加了27条宪法修正案｡美国宪法规定实行联邦制，肯定了以立法､行政､司法三权分立，相互制衡为原则的资产阶级民主共和政体｡两百多年来，美国宪法的内容除通过宪法修正案的方式加以改变外，更重要的是通过联邦最高法院行使司法审查权，对联邦宪法作出解释，以及通过政党､总统和国会的活动所形成的宪法惯例来改变宪法的内容，以适应社会不断变化的需要

2、｡作为世界上第一部成文宪法，美国宪法也为以后许多国家宪法的制定提供了成功的范本｡Lead-inStatus:thesupremelawoftheUnitedStates;thefoundationandsourceofthelegalauthority;theframeworkfortheorganizationoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentandfortherelationshipofthefederalgovernmenttothestatesandcitizens.UnitedStatesConstitutionContentsItdefinestheth

3、reemainbranchesofgovernmentandspecifiesthepowersanddutiesofeachbranch.Theyarealegislature,intheformofabicameralCongress;anexecutivebranchledbythePresident;andajudicialbranchheadedbytheSupremeCourt.HistoryItwasadoptedonSeptember17,1787,bytheConstitutionalConventioninPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,andr

4、atifiedbyconventionsineachU.S.stateinthenameof"ThePeople“;TheConstitutionhasbeenamendedtwenty-seventimes;ThefirsttenamendmentsareknownastheBillofRights.RemarksItistheshortestandoldestwrittenconstitutionstillinusebyanynationintheworldtoday;TheConstitutionhasacentralplaceinUnitedStateslawandpoliti

5、calculture.TheConstitutionassupremelawPoliticalideas:TheU.S.Constitutionistheselfdesignated"supremelawoftheland“.FinalauthorityisvestedintheAmericanpeople,byamendingtheConstitution,ordraftinganewone.Thepowerofpublicofficialsislimited.Americanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotbox.(ArticleⅡ,Se

6、ction4)"ThePresident,VicePresident,andallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates,shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor,andconvictionof,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors."TheprinciplesofgovernmentThethreemainbranchesofgovernmentareseparateanddistinctfromoneanother.Theyaredelicatelybalanc

7、edandcheckedbytheothers.TheConstitutionstandsaboveallotherlaws,executiveactsandregulations.Allmenareequalbeforethelawandareequallyentitledtoitsprotection.Provisionsforamendmentdualprocess:1.TheCongress,byatwothirdsvoteineach