需求與供應：政府干預

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1、需求與供應：政府干預DemandandSupply:GovernmentTntervention需求与供应：政府干预1)PriceCeiling价格上限2)PriceFloor价格下限3)Quota配额4)TaxonCommodity向商品徵收间接税5)SubsidyonCommodity向商品发放津贴TypesofGovcrnmcntIntcrvcntion政府干预的种类Itisthemaximumpriceofacommoditypermittedbythegovernment.这是政府容许某件商品的最高价格。Pri

2、ceCeiling价格上限Tobeeffective,priceceilingshouldbesetbelowtheequilibriumprice.价格上限应定低於均衡价格，才能有效。priceceiling价格上限excessdemand超额需求DSpricenotpermitted价格不容许QdQsPoQoquantitytransacted交易数量PQDS0QIPlWhenapriceceilingisimposed,thereisexcessdemandinthemarket.当实施价格上限，市场上岀现超额需求

3、。Themarkctpricedecreasesandthequantitytransactedalsodecreases.市场价格减少，交易数量亦减少。ByFirst-come,First-served按先到先得决定ByBallot按抽签决定ByNeeds按需要决定ByAbility按能力决定BySellers"Preference按卖家意愿决定Non-priceMethodsofRationing以非价格方法分配Itistheminimumpriceofacommoditypermittedbythegovernme

4、nt.这是政府容许某件商品的最低价格。PriceFloor价格下限Tobeeffective,pricefloorshouldbesetabovetheequilibriumprice.价格下限应定高於均衡价格，才能有效。pricefloor价格下限excesssupply超额供应DSQdQspricenotpermitted价格不容许PQquantitytransacted交易数量Q1PoQoPlI)SPQ0Whenapricefloorisimposed,thereisexcesssupplyinthemarkct・

5、当实施价格下限，市场上出现超额供应。Themarketpriceincreasesbutthequantitytransacteddecreases.市场价格增加，但交易数量减少。Quota配额Itisthemaximumquantitysuppliedofacommoditypermittedbythegovernment.这是政府容许某件商品的最高数量。Tobeeffective,quotashouldbesetbelowtheequilibriumquantity.配额应定低於均衡数量，才能有效。quota配额DS

6、0quantitynotpermitted数量不容许SIspDQ0PoQoQIPlSIPDQ0SOWhonaquotaisimposed,thesupplycurvewillbecomevcrtica1.当实施配额，供应曲线会变为垂直。Themarketpriceincreasesbutthequantitytransacteddecreases.市场价格增加，但交易数量减少。Theamountofindirecttaxispaidbytheproducerstothegovernment.间接税的款项是由生产者支付给政

7、府。IndirectTaxonCommodity向商品徵收间接税Whenthereisanindirecttaxoncommodity,supplydecreases.当向商品徵收间接税，供应减少。PoQoD50PQ051QIPlTheequilibriumpriceincreasesbutequilibriumquantitydecreases.均衡价格增加，但均衡数量减少。Asthemarketpriceisincreased,consumerspaypartoftheindirecttaxindirectlytot

8、hegovernment.由於市场价格增加了，消费者间接地缴交了部分间接税给政府。Foraunittax,producerspaythetaxoneachunitofgoodsproduced.对於单位税，牛产者每牛产一件产品便要支付税项。Thenewandprevioussupplycurvesareparalle