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1、国际贸易InternationalTradePARTONEQuestions1—8•Lookatthestatementsbelowandthefiveextractsaboutdiminishingreturnsfromanarticle・•Whichextract(A,B，C,DorE.doeseachstatement(1—8)referto?•Foreachstatement(1—8),makeoneletter(A,B,C,DorE.onyourAnswerSheet.•Youwillneedtousesomeoftheselettersmorethanonce・A.B
2、yconstantreturnstospecializationwemeantheunitsofresourcesrequiredtoproduceagood(cocoaorrice)areassumedtoremainconstantnomatterwhereoneisonacountry1sproductionpossibilityfrontier(PPF.•Thus,weassumedthatitalwaystookGhana10unitsofresourcestoproduceonetonofcocoa.B•While10unitsofresourcesmaybesuff
3、icienttoincreaseGhana1soutputofcocoafrom12tonsto13tonsz11unitsofresourcesmaybeneededtoincreaseoutputfroml3to14tons,12unitsofresourcestoincreaseoutputfrom14tonsto15tons,andsoon.C.Forexample,imaginethatgrowingcocoausesmorelandandlesslaborthangrowingrice,andthatGhanatriestotransferresourcesfromr
4、iceproductiontococoaproduction.Thericeindustrywillreleaseproportionatelytoomuchlaborandtoolittlelandforefficientcocoaproduction.Toabsorbtheadditionalresourcesoflaborandland,thecocoaindustrywillhavetoshifttowardmorelabor-intensivemethodsofproduction.D.Asacountrytriestoincreaseitsoutputofacerta
5、ingood,itisincreasinglylikelytodrawonmoremarginalresourceswhoseproductivityisnotasgreatasthoseinitiallyemployed.Theresultisthatitrequiresevermoreresourcestoproduceanequalincreaseinoutput.E.Diminishingreturnstospecializationsuggestthatthegainsfromspecializationarelikelytobeexhaustedbeforespeci
6、alizationiscomplete•Inreality,mostcountriesdonotspecializeout,instead,producearangeofgoods•However,thetheorypredictsthatitisworthwhiletospecializeuntilthatpointwheretheresultinggainsfromtradeareoutweighedbydiminishingreturns.1>Theeffectisthattheefficiencywithwhichthecocoaindustryuseslaborwill
7、decline,andreturnswilldiminish.2^DiminishingreturnsshowthatitisnotfeasibleforacountrytospecializetothedegreesuggestedbythesimpleRicardianmodeloutlinedearlier.3^Itismorerealistictoassumediminishingreturnsfortworeasons.First,notallresourcesareo
