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1、(1512).Inthismodel,thesunwasactuallynotexactlythecenterofthesolarsystem,butwasslightlyoffsetfromthecenterusingadeviceinventedbyPtolemyknownastheequantpoint.TheideathattheSunwasthecenterofthesolarsystemwasnotnew(similartheorieshadbeenproposedbyAristarchusandNicholasofCusa),butCopernicusalsoworkedout
2、hissysteminfullmathematicaldetail.EventhoughthemathematicsinhisdescriptionwasnotanysimplerthanPtolemy's,itrequiredfewerbasicassumptions.BypostulatingonlytherotationoftheEarth,revolutionaboutthesun,andtiltofEarth'srotationalaxis,Copernicuscouldexplaintheobservedmotionoftheheavens.However,becauseCope
3、rnicusretainedcircularorbits,hissystemrequiredtheinclusionofepicycles.Unfortunately,outoffearthathisideasmightgethimintotroublewiththechurch,Copernicusdelayedpublicationofthem.In1539,CopernicustookonRheticusasastudentandhandedoverhismanuscripttohimtowriteapopularizationoftheheliocentrictheory,publi
4、shedasNarratioPrimain1540.Shortlybeforehisdeath,RheticusconvincedCopernicustoallowpublicationofhisoriginalmanuscript,andDeRevolutionibusOrbiumCoelestiumwaspublishedin1543.Copernicusproposedhistheoryasatruedescription,notjustatheorytosaveappearances.UnlikeBuridanandOresme,hedidnotthinkthatanytheoryw
5、hichsavedappearanceswasvalid,insteadbelievingthattherecouldonlybeasingletruetheory.Whentheworkwaspublished,however,AndreasOsianderaddedanunauthorizedprefacestatingthatthecontentswasmerelyadevicetosimplifycalculations.Copernicusadaptedphysicstothedemandsofastronomy,believingthattheprinciplesofPtolem
6、y'ssystemwereincorrect,notthemathorobservations.Hewasthefirstpersoninhistorytocreateacompleteandgeneralsystem,combiningmathematics,physics,andcosmology.(Ptolemy,forinstance,hadtreatedeachplanetseparately.)Copernicus'ssystemwastaughtinsomeuniversitiesinthe1500sbuthadnotpermeatedtheacademicworlduntil
7、approximately1600.Somepeople,amongwhomJohnDonneandWilliamShakespearewerethemostinfluential,fearedCopernicus'stheory,feelingthatitdestroyedhierarchalnaturalorderwhichwouldinturndestroysocialorderandbringabou
