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1、河南科技学院2014届本科毕业论文（设计）英文文献及翻译UNITSOFMEASUREMENTANDFUNCTIONALFORM学生姓名：所在院系：数学科学学院所学专业：数学与应用数学导师姓名：完成时间：2013年12月25日UNITSOFMEASUREMENTANDFUNCTIONALFORM(VotingOutcomesandCampaignExpenditures)Inthevotingoutcomeequationin(2.28),R²=0.505.Thus,theshareofcampaignexpendituresexplainsjus
2、tover50percentofthevariationintheelectionoutcomesforthissample.ThisisafairlysizableportionTwoimportantissuesinappliedeconomicsare(1)understandinghowchangingtheunitsofmeasurementofthedependentand/orindependentvariablesaffectsOLSestimatesand(2)knowinghowtoincorporatepopularfunc
3、tionalformsusedineconomicsintoregressionanalysis.ThemathematicsneededforafullunderstandingoffunctionalformissuesisreviewedinAppendixA.TheEffectsofChangingUnitsofMeasurementonOLSStatisticsInExample2.3,wechosetomeasureannualsalaryinthousandsofdollars,andthereturnonequitywasmeas
4、uredasapercent(ratherthanasadecimal).Itiscrucialtoknowhowsalaryandroearemeasuredinthisexampleinordertomakesenseoftheestimatesinequation(2.39).WemustalsoknowthatOLSestimateschangeinentirelyexpectedwayswhentheunitsofmeasurementofthedependentandindependentvariableschange.InExamp
5、le2.3,supposethat,ratherthanmeasuringsalaryinthousandsofdollars,wemeasureitindollars.Letsalardolbesalaryindollars(salardol=845,761wouldbeinterpretedas$845,761.).Ofcourse,salardolhasasimplerelationshiptothesalarymeasuredinthousandsofdollars:salardol?1,000?salary.Wedonotneedtoa
6、ctuallyruntheregressionofsalardolonroetoknowthattheestimatedequationis:salaˆrdol=963,191+18,501roe.Weobtaintheinterceptandslopein(2.40)simplybymultiplyingtheinterceptandtheslopein(2.39)by1,000.Thisgivesequations(2.39)and(2.40)thesameinterpretation.Lookingat(2.40),ifroe=0,then
7、salaˆrdol=963,191,sothepredictedsalaryis$963,191[thesamevalueweobtainedfromequation(2.39)].Furthermore,ifroeincreasesbyone,thenthepredictedsalaryincreasesby$18,501;again,thisiswhatweconcludedfromourearlieranalysisofequation(2.39).Generally,itiseasytofigureoutwhathappenstothei
8、nterceptandslopeestimateswhenthedependentvariablechangesunitsofmeasu
