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1、河南科技学院2014届本科毕业论文(设计)英文文献及翻译UNITSOFMEASUREMENTANDFUNCTIONALFORM学生姓名:所在院系:数学科学学院所学专业:数学与应用数学导师姓名:完成时间:2013年12月25日UNITSOFMEASUREMENTANDFUNCTIONALFORM(VotingOutcomesandCampaignExpenditures)Inthevotingoutcomeequationin(2.28),R²=0.505.Thus,theshareofcampaignexpendituresexplainsjustover50percentofth
2、evariationintheelectionoutcomesforthissample.ThisisafairlysizableportionTwoimportantissuesinappliedeconomicsare(1)understandinghowchangingtheunitsofmeasurementofthedependentand/orindependentvariablesaffectsOLSestimatesand(2)knowinghowtoincorporatepopularfunctionalformsusedineconomicsintoregres
3、sionanalysis.ThemathematicsneededforafullunderstandingoffunctionalformissuesisreviewedinAppendixA.TheEffectsofChangingUnitsofMeasurementonOLSStatisticsInExample2.3,wechosetomeasureannualsalaryinthousandsofdollars,andthereturnonequitywasmeasuredasapercent(ratherthanasadecimal).Itiscrucialtoknow
4、howsalaryandroearemeasuredinthisexampleinordertomakesenseoftheestimatesinequation(2.39).WemustalsoknowthatOLSestimateschangeinentirelyexpectedwayswhentheunitsofmeasurementofthedependentandindependentvariableschange.InExample2.3,supposethat,ratherthanmeasuringsalaryinthousandsofdollars,wemeasur
5、eitindollars.Letsalardolbesalaryindollars(salardol=845,761wouldbeinterpretedas$845,761.).Ofcourse,salardolhasasimplerelationshiptothesalarymeasuredinthousandsofdollars:salardol?1,000?salary.Wedonotneedtoactuallyruntheregressionofsalardolonroetoknowthattheestimatedequationis:salaˆrdol=963,191+1
6、8,501roe.Weobtaintheinterceptandslopein(2.40)simplybymultiplyingtheinterceptandtheslopein(2.39)by1,000.Thisgivesequations(2.39)and(2.40)thesameinterpretation.Lookingat(2.40),ifroe=0,thensalaˆrdol=963,191,sothepredictedsalaryis$963,191[thesamevalueweobtainedfromequation(2.39)].Furthermore,ifroe
7、increasesbyone,thenthepredictedsalaryincreasesby$18,501;again,thisiswhatweconcludedfromourearlieranalysisofequation(2.39).Generally,itiseasytofigureoutwhathappenstotheinterceptandslopeestimateswhenthedependentvariablechangesunitsofmeasu