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1、•元音发元音时声带震动，元音都是浊音元音影响气息(Strongformsandweakforms—have/hasv//hav(f)/);音影响词汇重读a'bove(wordstress);元音影响语调What?(Intonation);元音影响节奏(音长)(Rhythm,lengthofvowels)主元音(Cardinalvowels)Cardinalvowelsindicatetherangeofhumanvocalorganscanmake.Theyactasakindofscaleormeasure,withwhichtolocateallthevowelphonernesof
2、aIanguage・Functions1.CardinalVowelsprovideslearnerswithasetofstandards.Withtherefereneetothem,anyvowelcanbedescribed,classifiedandcomparedinanyIanguage・2.CardinalvowelscanhelpthelearnerstocomparethevowelsinhismothertonguewiththoseofthetargetIanguage・Helpthelearnertorecognizethedelicatedifferences
3、betweenthesewords・Vowels:Monophthongs(12)Diphthongs(8)Criterion:1・Theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue:Close,half-close,half-open,open2.Thepartoftongueraised:front,central,back3・Thelengthofthevowel:long,short4.Thepositionofthelips:rounded,unrounded5.Thedegreeoftenseness:tense,laxDiphthongs:Closing
4、diphthongs(合口双元音)orCentringdiphthongs(央元音)图-卄"亠■一每一个单元音的语音特征(前中后、合闭口，圆唇，紧张松弛，长短)[i:]:longclose,front,unrounded,tense[i]:short,half-close,front,unrounded,lax[e]:short,half-open,unrounded,front,lax[ae]:short,open,unrounded,front,lax[a:]:long,back,unrounded,tense,open[o]:short,open,rounded,back[a:]:
5、long,half-open,rounded,back[u]:short,half-close,rounded,lax,back[u:]:long,close,rounded,tense,back[a]:short,half-open,unrounded,central,lax[a:]:long,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tense,central[A]:short,half-open,unrounded,lax,central•同化现象：定义分类规律Assimilation:Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceo
6、ftheneighbors,soundsarereplacedbyanothersound.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfromboththeoriginalsounds・Itiscalledassimilation.-cf/d—consonant(final)/consonant(initial)onlyhappensbetweenconsonantsifcfchangesintoci,cieffectscf-Regressive逆同化
7、used[d][t]to»used[tt]tonewspaper/z//p/►Isp/ifcichangestocf,cfeffectsci-Progressive顺同化Thetwosoundsinfluenceeachother,andthenformanewone.coalescent,double,reciprocal相互同化Rules1.voiced一voicelessHaveto;hastwo;foodforsupperv
