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1、LessonElevenOnHumanNatureandPolitics论人性与政治11-1Undoubtedlythedesireforfoodhasbeen,andstillis,oneofthemaincausesofgreatpoliticalevents.勿容置疑,对于食物的欲望一直是并仍然是导致重大政治事件的主要原因之一。Butmandiffersfromotheranimalsinoneveryimportantrespect,andthatisthathehasdesireswhichare,sotospeak,infi
2、nite,whichcanneverbefullygratified,andwhichwouldkeephimrestlesseveninParadise.但人与其他动物有一个很重要的区别,那就是人有着可谓无休止的欲望,永远不可能得到完全满足,即使到了天堂也还不得安宁theboaconstrictor,whenhehashadanadequatemeal,goestosleep,anddoesnotwakeuntilheneedsanothermeal.巨蟒饱餐一顿后就睡觉,直到需要再吃一顿时才醒来。Humanbeings,forthe
3、mostpart,arenotlikethis.WhentheArabs,whohadbeenusedtolivingsparinglyonafewdates,acquiredtherichesoftheEasternRomanEmpireanddweltinpalacesofalmostunbelievableluxury,theydidnot,onthataccount,becomeinactive.对于大多数人来说并非如此。阿拉伯人曾习惯于靠吃几个枣子节俭度日,当他们获得东罗马帝国的财富,居住在几乎令人难以置信的豪华宫殿中时,他们
4、并未因此就闲居不动了。Hungercouldnolongerbeamotive,forGreekslavessuppliedthemwithexquisiteviandsattheslightestnod.饥饿不可能再是一个动机,因为只需轻轻一点头,希腊奴隶就会奉上精美佳肴。Butotherdesireskeptthemactive:fourinparticular,whichwecanlabelacquisitiveness佔有欲,rivalry競爭欲,vanity虛榮心andloveofpower.權力欲但是别的欲望使他们继续活跃,
5、主要有四种欲望,我们称之为:占有欲,竞争欲,虚荣心和权力欲。11-2Acquisitivenessthewishtopossessasmuchaspossibleofgoods,orthetitletogoodsisamotivewhich,Isuppose,hasitsorigininacombinationoffearwiththedesirefornecessaries.占有欲——希望占有尽可能多的财产或对财产的所有权——在我看来是一种动机,它根源于恐惧和对拥有生活必需品的欲望的结合。11-3Ioncebefriendedtwol
6、ittlegirlsfromEsthonia,whohadnarrowlyescapeddeathfromstarvationinafamine.我曾经帮助过两个爱沙尼亚来的小姑娘,她们在一场饥荒中死里逃生,幸免饿死。Theylivedinmyfamily,andofcoursehadplentytoeat.她们住在我家中,当然有足够的东西吃。Buttheyspentalltheirleisurevisitingneighbouringfarmsandstealingpotatoes,whichtheyhoarded.但是她们却花费所有
7、的闲暇时间到邻近的农场去偷土豆,然后贮藏起来。Rockefeller,whoinhisinfancyhadexperiencedgreatpoverty,spenthisadultlifeinasimilarmanner.洛克菲勒在童年时代经受过极度的贫困,也以与此类似的方式度过他的成年。SimilarlytheArabchieftainsontheirsilkenByzantinedivanscouldnotforgetthedesert,andhoardedrichesfarbeyondanypossiblephysicalneed
8、.同样,那些坐在拜占庭帝国柔软光滑的长沙發椅上的阿拉伯酋长们也无法忘记沙漠,贮藏起远远超过可能需要的物质财富。Butwhateverthepsychoanalysisofacquisitiveness,no