2013年考研英语翻译强化讲义-大家论坛考研

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1、20131990Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnotorwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.Socialscientistsareofcourseextremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(61)Theywanttoexplainwhywepossessce

2、rtaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyetbuttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpectthetwoapproachesareverydifferent(62)lictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironment

3、haslittleifanythingtodowithourabilitiescharacteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextremethistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.thatistheyadvocateeducationareoftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenv

4、ironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.AbehavioristB.F.Skinnerseeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Thebehavioristsmaintainthatlikemachineshumansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.Letusexamin

5、ethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristicintelligencewearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosayinfluenceonwhatisbasicallyapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhandbehavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofourexperiences.(64)

6、Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.IntheUnitedStatesblacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstand

7、ardizedintelligencetests.Thiswhites.(65)Behavioristsincontrastsaythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainh