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ID:4138828
大小:2.33 MB
页数:47页
时间:2017-11-29
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1、20131990Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnotorwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.Socialscientistsareofcourseextremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(61)Theywanttoexplainwhywepossessce
2、rtaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyetbuttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpectthetwoapproachesareverydifferent(62)lictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironment
3、haslittleifanythingtodowithourabilitiescharacteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextremethistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.thatistheyadvocateeducationareoftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenv
4、ironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.AbehavioristB.F.Skinnerseeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Thebehavioristsmaintainthatlikemachineshumansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.Letusexamin
5、ethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristicintelligencewearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosayinfluenceonwhatisbasicallyapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhandbehavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofourexperiences.(64)
6、Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.IntheUnitedStatesblacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstand
7、ardizedintelligencetests.Thiswhites.(65)Behavioristsincontrastsaythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainh
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