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1、TheSecondSexbySimonedeBeauvoir(1949)BookOne:FactsandMyths,PartI:DestinyChapter1,TheDataofBiologyWOMAN?Verysimple,saythefanciersofsimpleformulas:sheisawomb,anovary;sheisafemale–thiswordissufficienttodefineher.Inthemouthofamantheepithetfemalehasthesoundofaninsult,yetheisnotashamed
2、ofhisanimalnature;onthecontrary,heisproudifsomeonesaysofhim:‘Heisamale!’Theterm‘female’isderogatorynotbecauseitemphasiseswoman’sanimality,butbecauseitimprisonsherinhersex;andifthissexseemstomantobecontemptibleandinimicaleveninharmlessdumbanimals,itisevidentlybecauseoftheuneasyho
3、stilitystirredupinhimbywoman.Neverthelesshewishestofindinbiologyajustificationforthissentiment.Theword female bringsupinhismindasarabandofimagery–avast,roundovumengulfsandcastratestheagilespermatozoan;themonstrousandswollentermitequeenrulesovertheenslavedmales;thefemaleprayingma
4、ntisandthespider,satiatedwithlove,crushanddevourtheirpartners;thebitchinheatrunsthroughthealleys,trailingbehindherawakeofdepravedodours;theshe-monkeypresentsposteriorimmodestlyandthenstealsawaywithhypocriticalcoquetry;andthemostsuperbwildbeasts–thetigress,thelioness,thepanther–b
5、eddownslavishlyundertheimperialembraceofthemale.Femalessluggish,eager,artful,stupid,callous,lustful,ferocious,abased–manprojectsthemallatonceuponwoman.Andthefactisthatsheisafemale.Butifwearewillingtostopthinkinginplatitudes,twoquestionsareimmediatelyposed:whatdoesthefemaledenote
6、intheanimalkingdom?Andwhatparticularkindoffemaleismanifestinwoman?Malesandfemalesaretwotypesofindividualswhicharedifferentiatedwithinaspeciesforthefunctionofreproduction;theycanbedefinedonlycorrelatively.Butfirstitmustbenotedthateventhedivisionofaspeciesintotwosexesisnotalwayscl
7、ear-cut.Innatureitisnotuniversallymanifested.Tospeakonlyofanimals,itiswellknownthatamongthemicroscopicone-celledforms–infusoria,amoebae,sporozoans,andthelike–multiplicationisfundamentallydistinctfromsexuality.Eachcelldividesandsubdividesbyitself.Inmany-celledanimalsormetazoansre
8、productionmaytakeplaceasexually,eitherbyschizog
