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1、TheSecondSexbySimonedeBeauvoir(1949)BookOne:FactsandMyths,PartI:DestinyChapter1,TheDataofBiologyWOMAN?Verysimple,saythefanciersofsimpleformulas:sheisawomb,anovary;sheisafemale–thiswordissufficienttodefineher.Inthemouthofamantheepithetfemalehasthesoundofaninsult,yetheisnotashamedofhisanimalnature
2、;onthecontrary,heisproudifsomeonesaysofhim:‘Heisamale!’Theterm‘female’isderogatorynotbecauseitemphasiseswoman’sanimality,butbecauseitimprisonsherinhersex;andifthissexseemstomantobecontemptibleandinimicaleveninharmlessdumbanimals,itisevidentlybecauseoftheuneasyhostilitystirredupinhimbywoman.Never
3、thelesshewishestofindinbiologyajustificationforthissentiment.Theword female bringsupinhismindasarabandofimagery–avast,roundovumengulfsandcastratestheagilespermatozoan;themonstrousandswollentermitequeenrulesovertheenslavedmales;thefemaleprayingmantisandthespider,satiatedwithlove,crushanddevourthe
4、irpartners;thebitchinheatrunsthroughthealleys,trailingbehindherawakeofdepravedodours;theshe-monkeypresentsposteriorimmodestlyandthenstealsawaywithhypocriticalcoquetry;andthemostsuperbwildbeasts–thetigress,thelioness,thepanther–beddownslavishlyundertheimperialembraceofthemale.Femalessluggish,eage
5、r,artful,stupid,callous,lustful,ferocious,abased–manprojectsthemallatonceuponwoman.Andthefactisthatsheisafemale.Butifwearewillingtostopthinkinginplatitudes,twoquestionsareimmediatelyposed:whatdoesthefemaledenoteintheanimalkingdom?Andwhatparticularkindoffemaleismanifestinwoman?Malesandfemalesaret
6、wotypesofindividualswhicharedifferentiatedwithinaspeciesforthefunctionofreproduction;theycanbedefinedonlycorrelatively.Butfirstitmustbenotedthateventhedivisionofaspeciesintotwosexesisnotalwaysclear-cut.Innatureitisnotuniversallymanifested.Tospeakonlyofanimals,itiswellknownthatamongthemicroscopic
7、one-celledforms–infusoria,amoebae,sporozoans,andthelike–multiplicationisfundamentallydistinctfromsexuality.Eachcelldividesandsubdividesbyitself.Inmany-celledanimalsormetazoansreproductionmaytakeplaceasexually,eitherbyschizog
