TheMarketForcesofSupplyandDemand：供给与需求的市场力量

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1、TheMarketForcesofSupplyandDemandMarketsAmarketisagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice.Thetermssupplyanddemandrefertothebehaviorofpeople...astheyinteractwithoneanotherinmarkets.AndEconomics,especiallyMicroeconomicsisabouthowsupplyanddemandinteractinmarkets.MarketTypes

2、orStructuresCompetitiveMarketsProductsarethesame,pricetakersMonopolyMonopolisticCompetitionOligopolyDemandCurve$3.002.502.001.501.000.50213456789101211PriceofIce-CreamConeQuantityofIce-CreamCones0WhydoestheDemandCurveSlopeDownward?LawofDemandInverserelationshipbetweenpriceandquan

3、tity.LawofDiminishingMarginalUtility.Utilityistheextrasatisfactionthatonereceivesfromconsumingaproduct.Marginalmeansextra.Diminishingmeansdecreasing.MarketDemandMarketdemandreferstothesumofallindividualdemandsforaparticulargoodorservice.Graphically,individualdemandcurvesaresummed

4、horizontallytoobtainthemarketdemandcurve.CeterisParibusCeterisparibusisaLatinphrasethatmeansallvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant.Literally,ceterisparibusmeans“otherthingsbeingequal.”Thedemandcurveslopesdownwardbecause,ceterisparibus,lowerpricesimplyagrea

5、terquantitydemanded!TwoSimpleRulesforMovementsvs.ShiftsRuleOneWhenanindependentvariablechangesandthatvariabledoesnotappearonthegraph,thecurveonthegraphwillshift.RuleTwoWhenanindependentvariabledoesappearonthegraph,thecurveonthegraphwillnotshift,insteadamovementalongtheexistingcur

6、vewilloccur.Let’sapplytheserulestothefollowingcasesofsupplyanddemand!ChangeinQuantityDemandedversusChangeinDemandChangeinQuantityDemandedMovementalongthedemandcurve.Causedbyachangeinthepriceoftheproduct.ChangesinQuantityDemanded0D1PriceofCigarettesperPackNumberofCigarettesSmokedp

7、erDayAtaxthatraisesthepriceofcigarettesresultsinamovementalongthedemandcurve.AC202.00$4.0012ChangeinQuantityDemandedversusChangeinDemandChangeinDemandAshiftinthedemandcurve,eithertotheleftorright.Causedbyachangeinadeterminantotherthantheprice.DeterminantsofDemandMarketpriceConsum

8、erincomePricesofrelatedgoodsTastesExpect