SCALINGUPDEFINITIONSANDESSENTIALELEMENTS标度的定义和基本要素

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1、SCALINGUP:DEFINITIONS,MODELS,ANDESSENTIALELEMENTSJulianA.LapitanandMarkA.Bell1of19Therearenumeroussustainableagriculture(SA)initiativesandexperiencespromotedbyNGOsand otherinstitutionsthathaveledtogreaterfoodself-sufficiency,environmentalpreservation,andincomesecuritytothousandso

2、ffarmingfamilies;SuccessfulSAinitiativesneedtobescaleduptospreadtheirbenefitsmorewidelyandquicklytomorepeopleandpromotepoliciesthatwillsustainthem;I.Introduction2of19Quantitativescalingup–whenaprogramoranorganizationexpandsitssizethroughincreasingitsmembershipbaseorconstituencyin

3、cludingtheirworkingareaandbudgets;Functionalscalingup—whenacommunity-basedprogramoragrassrootsorganizationexpandsthenumberandthetypeofitsactivities,sayfromagriculturalproductiontohealthandnutrition,credit,literacy,training,etc.Theorganizationaddnewactivitiestotheiroperationalrang

4、e.II.Definitionsofscalingup3of193.Politicalscalingup—whenparticipatoryorganizationsmovebeyondservicedeliverytowardempowermentandchangeinthestructuralcausesofunderdevelopment.Itincludesactivepoliticalinvolvementandthedevelopmentofrelationwiththestate;4.Organizationalscalingup—when

5、organizationsincreasetheirstrengthtoimproveitseffectiveness,efficiencyandsustainabilityoftheiractivitiesthroughimprovingfinancialcapability(incomegeneration,etc.)andinternalmanagementcapacity(e.gtraining,etc).II.Definitionsofscalingup4of191.BlueprintmodelExpertsselectsuccessfulin

6、terventionsfromlocalorinternationalexperience;Blueprintdesignedbyoutsidersandimposedwithregulationsandtargets;Communityparticipationoftenbecomestop-down;TightsupervisionandincentivesachievequickresultsbutlosesustainabilityIII.Goingtoscalemodels5of192.ExplosionmodelFocusedinterven

7、tionsselectedasnationalorglobalpriorities;Tightcontrolandefficiencyassuredbyverticalhierarchyforonepurposebutusuallyduplicatingmanagement;Effectivefillinginfrastructuregapifthenintegratedintowholesystem;Socialmobilizationcanstrengthenlocalsystembutover-ridinglocalprioritiesoftend

8、estructiveandnotsustainable.III.Goingtos