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1、TheStrategiesandStructuresofMultinationalCorporations.*HEATHERBERRYDepartmentofManagementTheWhartonSchool2022SteinbergHall-DietrichHallUniversityofPennsylvaniaPhiladelphia,PA19104-6370Tel:(215)898-0990Fax:(215)898-0401E-mail:berryh@wharton.upenn.eduJune2
2、009Draft*SincerethankstoMauroGuillen,VitHeniszandJordanSiegelfortheirhelpfulcommentsonearlierversionsofthispaper.ThestatisticalanalysiswasconductedattheBureauofEconomicAnalysis(BEA),USDepartmentofCommerceunderarrangementsthatmaintainlegalconfidentialityr
3、equirements.ViewsexpressedinthispaperdonotreflectthoseoftheBEAortheDepartmentofCommerce.IwouldliketothankRayMataloniandBillZeile,bothattheBEA,fortheirnumerousresponsestomyquestionsabouttheBEAdata.IwouldalsoliketothanktheMackCenterattheWhartonSchoolforfun
4、dingthisresearch.1TheStrategiesandStructuresofMultinationalCorporations.Abstract:Iconceptualizeeightfirminternationalconfigurationsbasedontheproductmarket,geographicmarketandstructuralchoicesoffirms.Aftertakingtheseconfigurationstoacomprehensivedatabaset
5、oexaminetheirrelevance,IshowthatUSfirmsclusterintofivedistinctandrobustgroupingsthatcorrespondwithfiveoftheeightconfigurations.Animportantcontributionofthisstudyistoshowthatproductandgeographicmarketcharacteristicsneednotmovetogether–thatis,differentiati
6、oninproductmarketsneednotrequirehighresponsivenessacrossgeographicmarkets.Further,thispaperofferstwonewarchetypesbasedonproductdifferentiationstrategiesthathavenotbeenconsideredinextantframeworks.2EversinceChandler’s(1962)pioneeringstudyonthestrategiesan
7、dstructuresoforganizations,theideathatfirmsneedtohaveconsistencyandcongruenceacrossorganizationalelementsunderliesmuchresearchinbothstrategicmanagementandorganizationtheories(VandeVenandDrazin,1985,GhoshalandWestney,1993,MilesandSnow,1994).Researchershav
8、epaidcloseattentiontotherelationshipbetweenafirm’sstrategyandstructurebecausewithoutconsistencyandcongruencebetweenafirm’sstrategicgoalsandtheorganizationalstructuretoimplementthesegoals,eventhebestmanagers,strategyorstruc
