Waters - Thinking and Language Learning

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1、ThinkingandLanguageLearningAlanWatersLancasterUniversity,UK(a.waters@lancaster.ac.uk)Apresentationatthe18thNAFLEConference,Beijing,China,July2013‘Learningwithoutthoughtislabourlost’ConfuciusThinkingandlearningWhythinking?vitalpartoflanguagelearning(Skehan1998)majoroveralleducati

2、onalgoal(Nunan1999,PartI)motivation(cf.Ur2103)GettingEFLlearnerstothinkthereforeveryimportantBUT:Whatdowemeanbythinking?Whatkindofactivitiesinvolvewhatkindsofthinking?Howcanthinkingbedonebylearnersatthelowerlanguagelevels?2Whatisthinking?Definition:thekindsofmentaloperations

3、usedbylearnersinthelearningprocessManypossibleconceptualframeworks(cf.Ur2013),e.g:‘Critical’vs.‘creative’‘Convergent’vs.‘divergent’‘LOTS’vs.‘HOTS’Bloom1956->Sanders1966(cf.Adams-Smith1981;Kratwohl2002)AlsoseeWaters20063Levelsofthinking(Sanders1966)LevelActivity1Memory•Underst

4、andingavocabularyorgrammarrule(recognizing/explanation,doinga‘mechanical’drill,remembering)usingpriorknowledgewhenreading/listeningtoacomprehensionpassage,etc.-e.g.,‘Correcttheseinstructionsformakingapapermodelofaboat’2Translation•Doingsubstitutiontables,information(reformulatintra

5、nsferactivities,etc.–e.g.,‘Usethegcorrectedinstructionstomakethemodelofinformation)theboat’3Interpretatio•Discoveringlogicalconnectionsin‘non-nlinguistic’content,workingoutthemeaning(identifyingofunknownwords,grammaticalrules,etc.–relationshipse.g.,‘Lookattheformoftheverbs(the)impe

6、rative)intheinstructions(e.g.,“Foldthepaperinhalf”)andthencompletethissentence:Tomaketheimperative,weusethe[infinitive/’to’form]without[to].’4Levelsofthinking(contd.)LevelActivity4Application•‘Usethedrawingsyouhavebeengivento(guideduseofnewproduceasetofinstructionsformakingknowledg

7、e)apaperaeroplane’5Analysis(freer•‘Thinkofapapermodelyouknowhowtoapplicationofnewconstructandproduceinstructionsforknowledge)makingit’6Synthesis•‘Thinkabouthowyoucouldconstructa(creativenewpapermodel(e.g.,oftheBeijingapplicationofnewNationalOlympicStadium),andproduceknowledge)instr

8、uctionsformakingit’7Evalua