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1、ROLANDBARTHESTHEDISCOURSEOFHISTORY,translatedbyStephenBann. ComparativeCriticism, 3(1981):7-20.Pagination,superscripts,andaccentsarenotpreserved.Pleaseseesourceforthefinalthreenotes.Theformaldescriptionofsetsofwordsbeyondthelevelofthesentence(whatwecallforconv
2、eniencediscourse)isnotamoderndevelopment:fromGorgiastothenineteenthcentury,itwasthespecialconcernoftraditionalrhetoric.Recentdevelopmentsinthescienceoflanguagehavenonethelessendoweditwithanewtimelinessandnewmethodsofanalysis:alinguisticdescriptionofdiscourseca
3、nperhapsalreadybeenvisagedatthisstage;becauseofitsbearingsonliteraryanalysis(whoseimportanceineducationiswellknown)itisoneofthefirstassignmentsforsemiologytoundertake.Thissecondleveloflinguistics,whichmustlookfortheuniversalsofdiscourse(iftheyexist)underthefor
4、mofunitsandgeneralrulesofcombination,mustatthesametimeobviouslygiveananswertothequestionwhetherstructuralanalysisisjustifiedinretainingthetraditionaltypologyofdiscourses;whetheritisfullylegitimatetomakeaconstantoppositionbetweenthediscoursesofpoetryandthenovel
5、,thefictionalnarrativeandthehistoricalnarrative.Itisthelastpointwhichgivesrisetothereflectionssetdownhere.Doesthenarrationofpastevents,which,inourculturefromthetimeoftheGreeksonwards,hasgenerallybeensubjecttothesanctionofhistorical'science',boundtotheunbending
6、standardofthe'real',andjustifiedbytheprinciplesof'rational'exposition-doesthisformofnarrationreallydiffer,insomespecifictrait,insomeindubitablydistinctivefeature,fromimaginarynarration,aswefinditintheepic,thenovel,andthedrama?Andifthistraitorfeatureexists,then
7、inwhatlevelofthehistoricalstatementmustitbeplaced?(1)Inordertosuggestareplytothisquestion,weshallherebelooking,inafreeandfarfromexhaustivefashion,atthediscourseofanumberofgreatclassichistorians:Herodotus,Machiavelli,BossuetandMichelet.I.THEACTOFUTTERINGFirstof
8、all,wemayaskunderwhatconditionstheclassichistorianisenabled-orauthorized-himselftodesignate,inhisdiscourse,theactbywhichhepromulgatesit.Inotherwords,what,onthelevelofdiscourse-andn
