2016高考英语新题型名词的考点和练习

2016高考英语新题型名词的考点和练习

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--word格式--可编辑-名词是英语的主要词汇之一,也是历年高考的重要考点。综合近几年高考对名词的考查,语法填空题中,每年都出现1—2道题。此外,在阅读理解和完形填空中,名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及,短文改错中主要考查名词复数,名词所有格和主谓一致。因此,在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法。一、名词的分类抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)普通名词(CommonNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns)-- --word格式--可编辑-个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(CountableNouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(UncountableNouns)。二、名词的数:可数与不可数学习名词,首先要分清名词的可数与不可数。可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西,因此它有复数形式。不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰,若要表示它的个体意义时,必须与一个名词短语连用,相当于中文里的(数词+量词+名词),其中的量词意义视具体的名词搭配而定。如:apieceofbread/paper/furniture/news/advice/information。一般来说,名词是可数还是不可数,其分类方法与汉语相似,但又不完全相同,因此不能完全凭汉语的感觉去分类,如:同样为“建议”,advice是不可数名词,而suggestion却是可数名词。因此,在学习名词时,要注意积累那些和我们汉语感觉不同的词。集体名词有时作单数看,有时作复数看。一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。Eg:Hisfamily_____notlarge.-- --word格式--可编辑-Hisfamily______allmusiclovers.可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种:(1)规则变化:情况加法例词一般情况加-sbrothers;schools以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-esbuses;watches;dishes以辅音+y结尾的词去y加-iesladies;countries以元音+y结尾的词加-sBoys;ways;toys;plays以o结尾的词有生命的词,加-esPotatoes;tomatoes;heroes无生命的词,加-sPhotos;pianos;zoos以f或fe结尾的词把f/fe改成veshalves;leaves;thieves1.stomach--stomachs2:以f/ef尾只加-s的词:-- --word格式--可编辑-proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefshandkerchief(手帕,手绢)的复数形式两者都可以。(2)不规则变化:变内部元音:foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen词尾加-en或ren:ox-oxen,child-children有些外来词的不规则复数形式:Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-media单复数相同的情况:sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin只有复数形式的情况:trousers(裤子);glasses(眼镜);compasses(圆规)thanks;clothes;goods;people;cattle“某国人”的复数形式:•单、复数相同Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,…•词尾加-sAfricans,Asians,Canadians,Australians,Italians,……-- --word格式--可编辑-•变man为menEnglishman---Englishmen,Frenchman---Frenchmen但:German---Germans复合名词的复数形式:1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law→fathers-in-law,passer-by→passers-by,looker-on→lookers-on,editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如:grown-ups,good-for-nothings(无用的人),go-betweens(中间人),look-outs(守望者)3.由man,woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors,women-drivers,women-singers注:boyfriends,girlfriends,boystudents,girlstudents三、名词的转化1.一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:(1)抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如:抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词,可数名词)-- --word格式--可编辑-insurprise惊讶地asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonor赢得荣誉anhonor一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败是成功之母.afailure一个(件)失败的人(事)havepityonsb.怜悯某人apity可惜的事情withpleasure乐意apleasure乐事beauty(美,美貌)abeauty(一个美人/物)comfort(舒适,安慰)令人安慰的人或事danger(危险)危险的人或事(2)抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。请对比:Afterseveralyears'selfstudyheacquiredagreatdealofknowledge.AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternational-- --word格式--可编辑-trade.HaveyouhadanyexperienceofteachingEnglish?Ihadaratherdifferentexperiencetheotherday.Walkisagoodformofexercise.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Thereistoomuchwasteinthisfactory.英语中有许多对词,一个可数,一个不可数。apoem(一首诗)poetry(诗歌总称)amachine(一台机器)machinery(机器总称)ajob(一件工作)work(工作)alaugh(一个笑声)laughter(笑声)apermit(许可证)permission(允许)agarment(一件衣裳)clothing(衣裳总称)abag(case)(一件行李)luggage,baggage(行李)aloaf(一只面包)bread(面包)ahair(一根头发)hair(头发)【易错警示】有些抽象名词不能具体化使用,即使有形容词修饰,也不能和不定冠词连用。这类名词有:fun,advice,information,health,progress,wealth,news,weather,homework,等。-- --word格式--可编辑-2.物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如:(1)物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。somecoffee一些咖啡acoffee一杯咖啡somedrink一些饮料adrink一杯饮料hishair他的头发afewwhitehairs几根白发glass玻璃aglass一只玻璃杯(2)物质名词有形容词修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。havebreakfasthaveawonderfulbreakfastTheroadiscoveredwithsnow.Theyhaveaheavysnoweveryyear.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Wehadawonderfultimelastnight.3.有复数形式的不可数名词-- --word格式--可编辑-(1)有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现,表示具体化,意义发生变化或构成固定短语。如:useone'sbrains动脑筋meetwithdifficulties遇到各种困难makepreparations做准备inhighspirits情绪高涨goodmanners有礼貌Manythanks.非常感谢。Nopains,nogains.不劳无获。congratulations祝贺possessions所有物,财产surroundings环境(2)有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如:burstintotears大哭起来milesofgoldensands绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩burntoashes烧成灰烬四、名词的格1.'s所有格的特殊表达形式(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。如:today'snewspaper,fiveminutes'walk(drive),five-- --word格式--可编辑-pounds'weight,tendollars'worthofapples。(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:theearth'splant,theworld'spopulation,China'sindustry,NewYork'sparks。(3)表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。如:thetailor's裁缝店,thebarber's理发店,gotothedoctor's上诊所。2.of所有格(1)基本形式:afriendofTom'ssome/twostudentsofmine(2)表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时,of所修饰的名词前通常有指示代词that/this/these/those,但不能用the。如:Thatinventionofhersbelongstotheworld.她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏)五、名词作定语名词作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式,根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类:表示中心词的用途、功能、材料。stonewall,shoeshop,coffeecup表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。summerschool,eveningdress,streetlight-- --word格式--可编辑-表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。bikekey,animaltrainer,womandriver注意:1.名词作定语时,一般用其单数形式,且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化。如:twopencilboxes,girlfriends但是,少数的名词作定语却用复数形式,如:sportsshoes运动鞋clothesshops服装店asalesgirl女销售员agreetingscard贺卡acustomsofficer海关人员2.man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化。amandoctor—mendoctors;awomanengineer—womenengineers3.名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。thegirlfriend女朋友—thegirl'sfriend那位女孩的朋友thewomandriver女司机—thewoman'sdriver那位妇女的司机4.名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。-- --word格式--可编辑-名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象;形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的作用。goldwatch金表;goldensunshine金色的阳光hearttrouble心脏病;heartywelcome热忱的欢迎conveniencefood快餐;convenientfood制作方便的食品六、名词在具体语境中的辨析由于现在的高考越来越注重在语境中考查词汇的使用能力,因此在语境中对名词进行辨析使用已成为单项填空和完形填空对名词的热点考查项目。如:                  1.[2010·天津卷]Jamestookthemagazinesoffthelittletabletomake_______forthetelevision.A.roomB.areaC.fieldD.position【解析】A 考查名词辨析。makeroomfor腾地方。room意为“空间”等于space,为不可数名词。2.[2010·安徽卷]Ihaven'tseenSarasinceshewasalittlegirl,andshehaschangedbeyond    .A.hearingB.strengthC.recognitionD.measure【解析】C 考查介词与名词搭配。句意为:Sara是小孩子的时候我见过,后来就没见过她,她变得让人认不出来了。beyondrecognition变得面目全非。-- --word格式--可编辑-3.[2010·湖北卷]Fortwoweeks,MarkaccompaniedSusantoandfromworkeachday.Hetaughtherhowtorelyonherother 40 ,specificallyherhearing,todeterminewhereshewasandhowtoadapttohernew 41 .40.A.feelingsB.organsC.skillsD.senses41.A.positionB.environmentC.statusD.role【解析】40.D 41.B (Susan失明之后,)丈夫教她如何依靠她的其他感觉尤其是听觉来判断她身处何处和如何适应新的环境。1.【误】Thereisfiercecompetitionbetweenthethreeshoesshopsinthestreet.【正】Thereisfiercecompetitionbetweenthethreeshoeshopsinthestreet.【解析】此处指商店的性质,用单数形式。2.【误】Happybirthday,Peter,andmanyhappyreturnoftheday!【正】Happybirthday,Peter,andmanyhappyreturnsoftheday!-- --word格式--可编辑-【解析】这是一句固定的生日祝福语,“祝你生日快乐,长命百岁”。returns在此处便是约定俗成的用法。3.【误】Heworksinachildhospital.【正】Heworksinachildren'shospital.【解析】有些名词作定语表示名词的适用范围时,习惯上用名词复数的's所有格形式,如:achildren'smagazine(=amagazineforchildren);men'sclothes(=clothesformen)。4.这位经理有良好的商业意识,因此公司经营良好。【误】Themanagerhasgotagoodbusinessidea,sothecompanyisdoingwell.【正】Themanagerhasgotagoodbusinesssense,sothecompanyisdoingwell.【解析】idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法,显然不符合语境。sense意识,……感。短文改错中名词的考点考点1 单复数或所有格错误[典例1]Theairswebreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.(2015·全国Ⅰ)分析 由后面的定语从句we-- --word格式--可编辑-breathe可知,此处先行词的意思是“空气”,air当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。故airs改为air。[典例2]Oneday,littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparent.Itwas...hisparentsweremissing...Tonysawhisparents.(2015·全国Ⅱ)分析 从后文可以看出Tony的父母一起和他去的商店,后文两次出现parents,所以应该将parent改为parents。[典例3]WhenIfinallyarrivedatmyfriendhelentmelotsofclothes.(2011·新课标全国)分析 根据句意可知,当我最后到达“我朋友的家”(myfriend’s),他借给我许多衣服。故friend应改为friend’s。考点2 词性转换错误[典例1]Thismadeforthegrowintheporcelainindustry.(2013·新课标全国Ⅱ)分析 定冠词the后面应跟名词形式,故grow应改为growth。[典例2]Hehasruinedhishealthy.(2013·辽宁)分析 在形容词性的物主代词后应用名词,所以应把healthy改为health。-- --word格式--可编辑-方法归纳 遇到名词首先注意区分名词是可数名词还是不可数名词;其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。此外,还要注意名词的所有格。常考考点如下:,(1)在several,few,many,oneof,acoupleof,three,oneandahalf,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等词语后,或虽没有这些词但语境提示我们,本应接复数可数名词的,但文中却用了单数。,(2)像advice,fun,homework,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage,luggage,jewellery,clothing等不可数名词是没有复数形式的,但在文中却用了复数。,(3)该用名词的所有格,而没有用。改错(每小题1处错误)1.AsItoldyoulasttime,Imadethreenewfriendhere.(2015·四川)________________2.Myoldclassroomwasinterestingbecausethreesideoftheclassroomweremadeofglass.(2015·浙江)________________3.Mumtaughtmesomebasicstepofbaking.(2015·陕西)________________-- --word格式--可编辑-4.We’vecalledseveraltimeaboutCleo’searlymorningbarking.(2014·辽宁)________________5.Nooneinthecarriagehadpreviouslyspokentoorevennoticedtheticketownerbefore.Yettheyhadsoquicklyofferedthestrangerstheirhelp.(2014·浙江)________________6.Forexample,wecandoreadingforoneandahalfhourandplaysportsforonehoureveryday.(2014·新课标全国Ⅱ)________________7.Todaywehadachemistrytest....Theteacherwasangrybecausewehadthesameanswersinthetests.(2013·四川)________________8.Withinthenextfewminute,mygrandfatheralsocaughtafish.(2013·陕西)________________9.Youtoldmethenameofdifferentplantsandtheir-- --word格式--可编辑-characteristics.(2012·重庆)________________10.Mom,IknowIhaveneverexpressedmythanktoyoubefore.(2012·四川)________________1.—Don'tbesonaughty!Beyour________.—Gotit.A.mannersB.ageC.behaviorD.politeness2.—HowcanIusethisMP5?—Well,justrefertothe__________.A.directionsB.explanationsC.expressionsD.introductions3.InRome,it'sacommon_______tohaveashotofespressoafterbreakfast.A.practiceB.tasteC.senseD.customs4.Thetopleadersofthetwocountriesareholdingtalksinafriendly__________.A.atmosphereB.stateC.situationD.phenomenon-- --word格式--可编辑-5.—Hi,thisway,please.—OK.Isometimeshavenosenseof_________whenIarriveatthecrossroads.A.positionB.directionC.situationD.condition6.ShellyhadpreparedcarefullyforherEnglishexaminationsothatshecouldbesureofpassingitonherfirst_______.A.intentionB.attemptC.purposeD.desire7.Mr.Brownthoughtitwouldbeagoodideatohave________fromhisworkerstoimprovehisplan.A.summariesB.enquiriesC.commentsD.connections8.Don'ttrytopersuadeyourboss,andhewon'thavethe________ofemployingme—afreshstudent.A.intentionB.attentionC.senseD.attraction9.What'sthe________havingapublicopenspacewhereyoucan'teat,drinkorevensimplyhangoutforawhile?A.senseB.matterC.caseD.opinion10.Iboughtadressforonly10dollarsinasale;itwasareal________.A.exchangeB.bargainC.tradeD.business-- --word格式--可编辑-11.IfyouaskwhyIplantostudyintheUnitedStates,theonlyansweristhatitisa(n)______forme.A.puzzleB.advantageC.challengeD.average12.—Shallwegooutforawalk?—Sorry.Thisisnottheright________toinviteme.Iamtootiredtowalk.A.momentB.situationC.placeD.chance13.Tomakemembersofateamperformbetter,thetrainerfirstofallhastoknowtheir________andweaknesses.A.strengthsB.benefitsC.techniquesD.values14.ItiswellknowntousallthatinChinapigeonsstandforpeace.However,inIndiathewheelinitsnationalflagisalsoa________ofpeace.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol15.Onethousanddollarsamonthisnotafortunebutwillhelpcovermyliving________.A.billsB.expensesC.pricesD.charges1.(2011·福建毕业班检测)Anyhelpfromyouwillbegreatlyappreciated.Pleasegivemeareplyatyour-- --word格式--可编辑-earliest________.A.interruptionB.instructionC.considerationD.convenience2.(2011·浙江金华十校联考)IfyouaskwhyIplantostudyintheUnitedStates,theonlyansweristhatitisa(n)________forme.A.puzzleB.advantageC.challengeD.average3.(2011·浙江金华十校联考)Theconferencehasbeenheldtodiscussthe________ofglobalwarmingonpeople’slivesallovertheworld.A.importanceB.effectsC.protectionD.attitudes4.(2011·潍坊教学质量抽样监测)IamreallyabitworriedbecauseIhavenoideawhatmyparents’________willbetomypoorexaminationresult.A.expressionB.reactionC.appearanceD.expectation5.(2011·陕西教学质量检测)Thereisno________ingoingtoschoolforthestudentsmerelytolearnsomefacts.A.doubtB.mind-- --word格式--可编辑-C.pointD.wonder6.(2011·郑州第二次检测)Herearesome________foryoutofollowwhenyoutakeatestinchemistry.A.patternsB.tipsC.topicsD.efforts7.(2011·海南五校联考)MrLihassometroublesleeping,sodrinkingaglassofmilkbeforegoingtobedeverynightishiscommon________.A.practiceB.knowledgeC.experienceD.duty8.(2011·福建检测)—Paulhasgoneabroadtotryhisluck.—Inmy________,hisdecisionisnotwise.A.wordB.viewC.sightD.way9.(2011·安徽合肥第一次质检)MyEnglishteacherisreallyverykind.I’llneverforgetthe________hehasdoneme.A.favorB.deedC.helpD.value10.(2011·杭州检测二)AccordingtoaUNreport,30percentoftheworld’spopulationhave-- --word格式--可编辑-no________tocleandrinkingwaterandhealthcare.A.meansB.approachC.channelD.access11.(2011·郑州一模)Itwasreportedthattheproblemhadbeensettledwithoutmuch________.A.affectB.affairC.effectD.effort12.(2011·宝鸡检测一)ThespeechthatMrSmithmadetodaygaveastrong________onthestudents.A.expressionB.impressionC.reputationD.expectation13.(2011·皖南八校第二次联考)Ourgovernmenthasdecidedtogive________tothoseenvironmentallyfriendlybusinessesinmanyaspects.A.profitB.interestC.preferenceD.advantage14.(2011·长春第一次调研)Findingagirlstrugglinginthewater,hethrewhimselfintothewaterwithout________.A.hesitationB.suggestionC.orderD.asking15.(2011·西安检测)—Howdoyoulikethescenery-- --word格式--可编辑-(景色)here,MrBlack?—Wonderfulindeed.Beyondall________,Isuppose.A.explanationB.introductionC.descriptionD.instruction专业文档考试资料学习资料教育试题方案设计--

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