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1、VAXclusters:AClosely-CoupledDistributedSystemNANCYP.KRONENBERG,HENRYM.LEVY,andWILLIAMD.STRECKERDigitalEquipmentCorporationAVAXclusterisahighlyavailableandextensibleconfigurationofVAXcomputersthatoperateasasinglesystem.Toachieveperformanceinamulticomputerenvironment,anewcommunicationsarchitecture,c
2、ommunicationshardware,anddistributedsoftwarewerejointlydesigned.ThesoftwareisadistributedversionoftheVAX/VMSoperatingsystemthatusesadistributedlockmanagertosynchronizeaccesstosharedresources.Thecommunicationshardwareincludesa70megabitpersecondmessage-orientedinterconnectandaninterconnectportthatpe
3、rformscommunicationstaskstraditionallyhandledbysoftware.Performancemeasurementsshowthisstructuretobehighlyefficient,forexample,capableofsendingandreceiving3000messagespersecondonaVAX-11/780.CategoriesandSubjectDescriptors:C.2.5[ComputerCommunicationsNetworks]:LocalNet-works-buses;D.4.3[OperatingSy
4、stems]:FileSystemsManagement-distributedfilesystems;D.4.4[OperatingSystems]:CommunicationsManagement;D.4.5[OperatingSystems]:Reliabil-ity-fault-tolerance;D.4.7[OperatingInput/OutputSystems]:OrganizationandDesign-perform-anceGeneralTerms:Design,Performance,ReliabilityAdditionalKeyWordsandPhrases:De
5、vicecontrolprotocols,distributeddatabasemanagement,intersystemcommunicationprotocols,networkprotocols,resourcelocking1.INTRODUCTIONContemporarymulticomputersystemstypicallylieattheendsofthespectrumdelimitedbytightly-coupledmultiprocessorsandloosely-coupleddistributedsystems.Loosely-coupledsystemsa
6、recharacterizedbyphysicalseparationofprocessors,low-bandwidthmessage-orientedinter-processorcommunication,andindependentoperatingsystems[l,2,5,131.Tightly-coupledsystemsarechar-acterizedbyclosephysicalproximityofprocessors,high-bandwidthcommuni-cationthroughsharedmemory,andasinglecopyoftheoperatin
7、gsystem[7,9,151.AnintermediateapproachtakenatDigitalEquipmentCorporationwastobuilda“closely-coupled”structureofstandardVAXcomputers[16],calledVAXc1uster.s.Byclosely-coupled,weimplythataVAXclusterhascharacteristic
