PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEEDBACKS物理和生物反馈

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1、PHYSICALANDBIOLOGICALFEEDBACKSOFDEFORESTATION111ChristianeW.Runyan,PaoloD’Odorico,andDeborahLawrenceReceived19March2012;revised2October2012;accepted2October2012;published14December2012.[1]Forestvegetationcaninteractwithitssurroundingenvi-backsarepresent,deforestationcanleadtoirrevers

2、iblestateronmentinwaysthatenhanceconditionsfavorableforitsshiftswheretheforestvegetationcannotrecover.Inthisownexistence.Removalofforestvegetationhasbeenshownreview,weexaminethedifferentcasesinwhichdeforestationtoaltertheseconditionsinanumberofways,therebyinhibit-canleadtoalossofcond

3、itionsnecessarytosustainforestveg-ingthereestablishmentofthesamecommunityofwoodyetation.Weexaminethespatialscaleandextentofeachfeed-plants.Theeffectofvegetationonanenvironmentalvariablebackinadditiontoconsideringthetemporalscaleoverwhichaalongwithvegetationsusceptibilitytotheassociat

4、edenviron-feedbackmaybeconsideredirreversible.Juxtaposingthespa-mentalconditionsmayimplyapositivefeedback:Changesintialextentofthesefeedbackswithamapofdeforestationtheinternalconditionscontrollingthisvariablesuchasdefor-enablestheidentificationanddiscussionofat-riskareastoestationcou

5、ldinhibitthereestablishmentofwoodyvegetationstatechangesfollowingdeforestation.Last,wediscussthecoverthatinturnwouldacttofurtherdegradetheconditionseconomicimplicationsofthesefeedbacksandhowsocioeco-necessaryforforestregeneration.Understandingthesefeed-nomicfactorscanaffecttheconverg

6、enceofasystemtoagivenbacksisimportantbecauseinsomecaseswherethesefeed-stablestate.Citation:Runyan,C.W.,P.D’Odorico,andD.Lawrence(2012),Physicalandbiologicalfeedbacksofdeforestation,Rev.Geophys.,50,RG4006,doi:10.1029/2012RG000394.1.INTRODUCTIONandonthesystem’sresiliencetothatdisturban

7、ce[e.g.,Folkeetal.,2004].Astheresilienceofanecosystemdeclines,it[2]Suddenchangesinthestructureandfunctioningofbecomesincreasinglyvulnerabletophaseshiftssuchthatecosystemsareoftenassociatedwiththeexistenceofmul-progressivelysmallerexternaleventscancauseregimeshiftstiplestableecosystem

8、states[e.g.,